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Constructions humaines reposant sur des ressources en eau disponibles dans des milieux secs voire arides, les oasis ont permis aux sociétés humaines de s’affranchir – au moins partiellement – des contraintes climatiques dans des environnements réputés hostiles. Espaces de développement agricole dans des déserts ou sur des routes marchandes, les oasis ont aussi permis la fixation des populations, amenant parfois au développement d’importantes cités qui ont vu l’émergence et la diffusion des techniques hydrauliques mais ont aussi pu servir de points de relai dans l’expansion des religions (islam, zoroastrisme etc.). Les oasis reposent sur la combinaison de trois éléments indispensables : une ressource en eau, des cultures irriguées et un habitat humain concentré autour ou à proximité de ces cultures. On retrouve ces agrosystèmes dans toute la diagonale aride, du Sahara à la Chine en passant par la Péninsule Arabique, et jusqu’en Amérique latine (Pérou, Chili). Tous reposent sur la nécessité d’une organisation socio-politique et parfois même religieuse permettant le partage de l’eau, et d’un savoir-faire technique garantissant l’accès à la ressource. En effet, sans maîtrise ni contrôle de l’eau, l’oasis risque de décliner. Les types d’oasis diffèrent en fonction de la source d’eau qui est mise en valeur, qu’il s’agisse de sources captées dont l’eau est acheminée aux jardins par des canaux à ciel ouvert ; de la dérivation des eaux de rivières ou de cours d’eau temporaires ou pérennes, parfois en gorge ; de la captation et dérivation d’eaux de sources artésiennes (remontant sous pression) ; ou d’eau acheminée sous la surface du sol par des galeries drainantes, qu’on trouve en Iran et au Levant, au Maghreb, au Sahara, dans la Péninsule arabique ou même en Asie centrale. Ces systèmes hydro-agricoles reposent sur une complémentarité horizontale des cultures, l’eau d’irrigation alimentant à la fois une strate basse, généralement céréalière, fourragère ou maraîchère ; une strate intermédiaire arbustive (fruitière, notamment) et une strate haute qui est celle des palmiers-dattiers, dont la valeur commerciale est aujourd’hui bien connue. La Péninsule Arabique abrite parmi les plus anciennes oasis au monde. Ainsi, l’oasis d’Al Ahsa, dans l’est de la Péninsule, concentre des témoins d’une occupation sédentaire depuis le Néolithique jusqu’à nos jours et est actuellement la plus grande oasis au monde . L’Arabie Saoudite abrite aussi des oasis fortifiées de la fin du Néolithique, attestant l’importance stratégique de ces cultures dans l’organisation socio-économique de sociétés en cours de sédentarisation dans un contexte climatique d’aridification. Celui-ci touche aussi le reste de la Péninsule Arabique, en particulier dans sa partie méridionale (Émirats Arabes Unis, Oman). Dans le Sultanat, la présence oasienne remonte à l’Âge du Bronze mais la particularité de ces agro-hydrosystèmes tient à leur gestion collective actuelle liée à la tendance de l’islam suivie en Oman, l’ibadisme, fondée sur la consultation. Établies dans un contexte de sédentarisation, pour répondre à une demande en production agricole en période de réduction de la pluviométrie et de raréfaction de la ressource en eau, les oasis ont traversé les temps et permis la subsistance des sociétés grâce à une gestion parcimonieuse et régulée de l’eau. Aujourd’hui confrontés au changement climatique et à des transformations rapides dues au pétrole et à la mondialisation (sédentarisations forcées au 20e siècle, passage d’une économie agro-pastorale à une économie tertiaire, progrès des pompages dans des nappes profondes, développement de l’économie de marché), ces agro-hydrosystèmes sont bouleversés, parfois surexploités, parfois délaissés. Quelques exemples sont patrimonialisés et mis en tourisme, mais la plupart des systèmes traditionnels sont abandonnés et remplacés par une culture « moderne » (irrigation par aspersion, pivots, mécanisation) et productiviste. La conférence propose de brosser un tableau diachronique et régional de ces agrosystèmes particuliers, en évoquant leurs types, leurs fonctionnements, leurs conditions d’émergence, leurs évolutions depuis l’Âge du Bronze et leurs transformations modernes, ainsi que les défis actuels auxquels ils sont confrontés. Elle s’appuiera sur des exemples tirés de la littérature mais aussi de l’expérience de l’autrice, en particulier en Arabie Saoudite et en Oman.

The following evaluates 778 tombs surveyed, 295 from the BEW salvage excavations in the Bāṭina, and 361 excavated from Samad/al‑Muyasser. We entered long‑known and also new sites into an open-source database known as ‘Ent’ – an ongoing effort. Two issues arise for the hut tomb chronology: to determine a more specific nomenclature of the tomb shapes and to date by means of contexted finds. To the extent possible, we disambiguate hut tombs from other burial structures. Specific stone structures previously identified as ‘cairns’ can be more closely typologised. Dating tombs more finely than to the Early Iron Age or late pre‑Islamic period is rarely realistic. Excavated, poorly preserved tombs shed little light on the dating of well‑preserved hut tombs.

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has achieved strong performance in high-resource languages; however, Dialectal Arabic remains significantly under-resourced. This gap is particularly evident in Oman, where Arabic exhibits substantial sociolinguistic variation shaped by settlement patterns between sedentary (Hadari) and nomadic (Badu) communities, which are often overlooked by urbancentric or generalized Gulf Arabic datasets. We introduce OMAN-SPEECH, a sociolinguistically stratified spoken corpus for Omani Arabic comprising approximately 40 hours of spontaneous and semi-spontaneous speech from 32 speakers across 11 Wilayats (provinces). The corpus is balanced to capture regional and lifestyle variation and is annotated at the sentence level with Arabic transcription, English translation, and phonetic transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) through a human-in-the-loop annotation pipeline. OMAN-SPEECH provides a foundational resource for evaluating ASR and related speech technologies on Omani and Gulf Arabic varieties and supports more granular modeling of regional dialectal variation.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a life threating disease and a major public health problem caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm named Echinococcus granulosus. Cystic echinococcus is transmitted from animals to human (zoonotic disease). In endemic areas, the incidence rate reaches over 50 per 100,000 person/year and prevalence may be as high as 5-10%. It is found in most countries worldwide, but it is not an epidemic disease. Current treatment involves surgical removal of the cysts, percutaneous drainage, or chemotherapy with anthelmintic drugs like albendazole. While albendazole is effective in treating (CE) in both humans and animals, though, it has drawbacks, including poor absorption, vertigo, liver enzymes elevations plus the risk of recurrence. Recently, there was a high tendency among researchers to evaluate and present herbal plants as an alternative option due to being easily available, inexpensive, cheap and with low side effects. Therefore, the current project aims to explore the scoliocidal potential of Boswellia sacra extracts, and essential oils on Echinococcus granulosus both in vitro and in vivo. Protoscolices were collected from hydatid cysts obtained from infected sheep livers. Many polar and non-polar solvents were used to obtain a wide range of extracts from B. sacra gum resin. Extracts were prepared and applied at various concentrations (e.g. 30, 3, 0.3 µg/ml) for different exposure times (2-60 minutes). The mortality rates were assessed using 0.1% eosin staining by light microscopy. The results so far obtained indicate that all extracts used in the current study displayed promising significant scoliocidal effects against E. granulosus in vitro speaking. However, the standardized B. sacra gum resin extract showed the highest scoliocidal activity in vitro, achieving 100% mortality at 3µg/ml after 10 minutes of exposure compared to both negative and treated positive control with albendazole. These results are promising, however, additional in vivo studies are in progress to confirm such activity.

Frankincense, the aromatic resin obtained from Boswellia species, has been traditionally valued for its medicinal and antimicrobial properties. A standardized extract of Boswellia sacra (Omani frankincense) was evaluated for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The chemical composition of the powder was analyzed using HPLC/MS, revealing a rich profile of bioactive triterpenoids including boswellic acids (AKBA, KBA, α-BA, β-BA, α-ABA, and β-ABA) and lupeolic acids (LA and ALA). Among these, β-ABA (86 µg/mg) and AKBA (50 µg/mg) were the most abundant. Antibacterial activity was assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, showing moderate inhibition of Escherichia coli (MIC: 512 mg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 1024 mg/mL). Antifungal testing revealed stronger effects, with 38% inhibition of Fusarium sp. at 0.25 mg/mL after 5 days of incubation. However, the inhibition of Alternaria alternata at 0.5 mg/mL was 45%. These results support the potential of this standardized extract as a natural antimicrobial and antifungal agent and underscore the value of Omani frankincense in traditional and modern therapeutics.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe zoonotic disease that poses a significant threat to humans and animals, slow animal husbandry, caused by larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. Canines are the definitive host, while humans are the accidental host. E. granulosus infections often remain asymptomatic for years before the cysts grow large enough to cause symptoms. Hepatic and pulmonary signs and symptoms are the most common clinical manifestations. Approximately 4 million people are infected with hepatic hydatid disease globally, and an additional 60 million are at risk of infection. The liver is the most involved organ, although it may affect other organs. The diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis relies on immunodiagnostic methods alongside radiological methods in combination with clinical findings. Albendazole and Mebendazoles are the drugs for choice in treating small cysts and preventing recurrence after surgery. In general, herbal extracts from different plants have gained attention in recent years for the prevention and treatment of a variety of chronic conditions due to their multi-targeted characteristics. Nerium oleander has a wide range of potential activities including anticancer, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. B. sacra gum resin possesses a wide range of potential activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, analgesic, immunomodulatory. Given the side effects of the medications used and the risks of surgical procedures, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of combining extracts of N. oleander leaves and selected B. sacra gum resin extracts. The samples were exposed for different time periods (5-20-35-50) minutes using different concentrations (30µg/ml-3µg/ml-0.3µg/ml) for each exposure period. The combination of the extracts had a clear effect on the percentage of killing protoscoleces in vitro. The percentage of killing protoscoleces increased with increasing concentration and exposure period of the extracts in vitro, the highest percentage of killing was recorded in the N. oleander extract, reaching 70% at a concentration of 30mg/ml for a 50-minute exposure period. After combining the extracts, the highest percentage of killing was recorded, reaching 64% at a concentration of 30mg/ml for a 50-minute exposure period. The highest percentage of killing was recorded for the B. sacra extracts reaching 58% at a concentration of 30mg/ml for a 50-minute exposure period. The current results in vitro are interesting and encouraging, indicating some synergistic effect between these extracts, however, additional animal studies are required to further validate the synergistic effect of B. sacra and Nerium oleander leaves.

This study explores the significance of the gum-arabic tree (Acacia senegal), locally known as “Tur” (/θur/) in Dhofar, the only region in the Arabian Peninsula where it naturally grows. Its gum, called “Malukh” (/məlɔx/), holds exceptional medicinal and nutritional value. Traditionally, both the bark and gum have been used to treat wounds, infections, respiratory and digestive disorders, joint pain, kidney failure, and eye diseases. It is also valued for enhancing immunity, fertility, and overall vitality. Secondary products such as camel milk and honey derived from trees’ nectar further contribute to its health benefits. The dark red gum considered the highest quality, is rich in carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and essential minerals like calcium and magnesium. Its solubility, lack of taste or color, and low caloric content make it suitable for therapeutic use, weight management, and cholesterol reduction. Furthermore, it plays a role in skincare, cosmetic products, and pharmaceutical formulations. Despite its proven properties, its use remains largely confined to older generations. This study highlights the urgent need to scientifically document, preserve, and promote this underutilized national resource, recognizing its potential in both medical applications and sustainable economic development.

Gangrene is a serious condition, which is characterised by tissue death. It results from restricted blood flow and anoxic conditions and is frequently caused by atherosclerosis, tissue damage, diabetes mellitus and some pathogen infections. Gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), a common class of gangrene, results from bacterial (particularly Clostridium perfringens) infections following tissue injury. Woodfordia uniflora is used in traditional Arabian healing systems to treat gangrene ulcers and skin sores. However, despite its well-documented uses, W. uniflora has not yet been rigorously tested against bacterial causes of gangrene ulcers and skin sores. Additionally, W. uniflora extracts are yet to be tested for therapeutic potential against other aspects of ulcer/wound healing, including inflammation and tissue regeneration. Solvent extracts prepared from W. uniflora leaves were tested against C. perfringens as well as a panel of epidermal bacteria. Antimicrobial activity was quantified by MIC determination. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated using COX-2 and PGE2 ELISA assays. Toxicity was evaluated using ALA and HDF cell viability bioassays. The methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts displayed noteworthy inhibitory activity (≤875µg/mL) against C. perfringens. The ethanol extract was particularly good, with an MIC of 250µg/mL. The extracts also had noteworthy inhibitory activity against several antibiotic-resistant epidermal bacteria, including MRSA (MICs 250-650µg/mL). Additionally, the W. uniflora extracts (1.25mg/mL) significantly inhibited COX-2 activity and PGE2 secretion. The ethanol extract was particularly promising, decreasing COX-2 enzymatic activity and PGE2 secretion by approximately 60% and 73% respectively. All W. uniflora extracts were non-toxic in the ALA and HDF cell viability assays, indicating their safety for therapeutic use. Taken together, these results indicate that W. uniflora extracts have therapeutic potential in the treatment of gas gangrene by inhibiting C. perfringens (and several skin bacteria), as well as inhibiting COX-2 mediated inflammation. Further studies are required to determine whether the extracts also affect extracellular matrix formation and tissue remodeling, and to identify the extract components responsible for those activities.

This presentation highlights the innovative integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) aromatherapy into chronic disease management, centered on Oman’s unique medicinal resource—frankincense (Boswellia sacra). We explore the systematic development of its compound formulations and multidimensional therapeutic applications. Guided by the TCM theory of “meridian attribution based on fragrance and flavor properties, we synergize modern extraction techniques (e.g., supercritical CO₂ extraction) with advanced formulation technologies (nano-carriers, targeted delivery systems) to develop a synergistic frankincense-myrrh compound system. This approach effectively enhances the bioavailability and stability of bioactive components. Industrial-scale production of aromatherapy transdermal patches and aerosol formulations has demonstrated preliminary success in community-based health interventions, particularly in regulating emotional states and improving sleep quality among hypertensive patients. Furthermore, this speech proposes a China-Oman collaborative initiative to advance the sustainable utilization of frankincense resources and facilitate the joint establishment of international quality standards. By integrating the TCM philosophy of “preventive treatment of disease” with Omani traditional therapies, we aim to build an interdisciplinary cooperation network. This framework seeks to address global health challenges in aging societies through culturally informed, evidence-based innovations.

‫يختلف‬‫ الناس‬ ‫في‬ ‫كون‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يتكلّم‬ ‫به‬ ‫التّونسيون‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫لھجة‬ ‫‪.‬‬‫وقد‬‫تح‬‫ّم‬‫س ‬‫الكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األكاديميين‬ ‫‪‬‬‫منذ‬ ‫أوائل‬ ‫سبعينيات‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫إلى‬‫كونھا ‬‫لغة‬ ‫وعملوا‬ ‫على‬ ‫استجالء‬ ‫قواعدھا‬ ‫كما‬ ‫اعتمدھا‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫من‬‫الكتّاب ‬‬‫في‬ ‫كتاباتھم‪،‬‬ ‫غير‬ ‫أنّھم‬ ‫لم‬ ‫يختلفوا‬ ‫جميعا‬ ‫على‬ ‫ثراء‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫اللّغة‬ ‫‪/‬‬‫اللّھجة‬‫وعلى‬ ‫حضور‬ ‫مؤ‬‫ثرات‬‫ و موروثات‬ ‫لغوية‬ ‫عديدة‬ ‫فيھا‬ .

Alors que l historiographie continue de considérer que l unité territoriale de l Occident musulman ne serait devenue incontestable qu à partir de la fin du Ve/XIe siècle, cet ouvrage propose de remonter cette chronologie en éclairant les modalités de sa progressive construction au cours des premiers siècles de l époque islamique. Produit d une approche qui combine la relecture de textes classiques, bien connus des historiens mais encore insuffisamment critiqués, et l analyse de sources moins fréquemment mobilisées, c est une nouvelle géographie historique de l Islam méditerranéen qui est ici proposée, reposant tant sur l identification d un maillage d itinéraires que sur la mise en évidence d une diversité d usages de l espace. L unité de l Occident musulman, qui se trouve au carrefour de l Europe carolingienne, de l Afrique subsaharienne et de l Orient abbasside, s impose dès lors comme un fait incontournable de la Méditerranée médiévale