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The Fatimid era in the Islamic Maghreb represents a decisive historical phase marked by profound sectarian tensions and accelerated political transformations that reshaped the region’s structures of authority, governance, and collective identity. The expansion of the Fatimid Ismaili mission during the early 4th century AH/10th century CE did not occur in an ideological vacuum; rather, it interacted dynamically with an already diverse doctrinal landscape characterized by Sunni, Ibadi, Kharijite, and tribal affiliations. These interactions generated a complex pattern of alliances, resistances, and conflicts that transcended purely theological disagreement and evolved into broader struggles over political legitimacy, sovereignty, and control of space. This study adopts a historical-analytical approach to examine the nature and implications of sectarian conflict in the Islamic Maghreb during the Fatimid period. It explores how doctrinal disputes intersected with tribal structures and local power centers, contributing to the reconfiguration of political authority and the emergence of new governance models. Particular attention is given to the role of Ibadi movements and the establishment of the Rustamid state, as well as to major uprisings such as the revolt of Abu Yazid Makhlad ibn Kidad, which embodied a dual confrontation—both sectarian and political—against Fatimid rule. The study argues that sectarian conflicts during the Fatimid era functioned as instruments of political mobilization and state formation rather than mere reflections of religious divergence. By analyzing these conflicts within their social, tribal, and geopolitical contexts, the paper demonstrates how the Islamic Maghreb became a laboratory for competing models of authority that left a lasting imprint on the region’s historical trajectory. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between doctrine and power in medieval Islamic history and highlight the central role of the Maghreb in shaping broader Islamic political developments.