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This study aims to reveal how the factionalization of Ibāḍiyya and Nukkarīyya sects took shape within the historical process. In this regard, the emergence and development of the Ibāḍiyya madhhab in North Africa, as well as its relations with the Nukkarīyya madhhab, have been examined in detail. The position of Nukkarīyya within Ibāḍiyya has been studied with a comparative approach, taking into account the political, social, and religious structure of Ibāḍiyya in North Africa. In the first chapter, the emergence and historical development of Ibāḍiyya in North Africa were examined. Within this framework, the foundation, rise, and decline of the Rustamids State, along with the establishment of the Ibāḍī imamate system and the origins of intra-sectarian divisions, were analyzed. In addition to the socio-political structure and cultural environment of the Rustamids, fundamental issues such as Ibāḍiyya’s relationship with local tribes, its opposition discourse based on justice, and its religious organization were examined with reference to primary sources. In the second chapter, through the use of qualitative methods, the process of division within Ibāḍiyya and its sub-branches were discussed. Accordingly, the definitions and views of these factions in Ibāḍī sources and heresiographical literature were compared. Special emphasis was placed on the emergence of the Nukkarīyya, its nomenclature, leaders, doctrinal foundations, and the geographical regions in which it spread. In the third chapter, by employing textual analysis and the method of comparison, the position of the Nukkarīyya within Ibāḍiyya was analyzed, and the doctrinal and political principles of these two factions were comparatively studied. Fundamental theological issues such as tawḥīd, the names and attributes of God, khalq al-Qurʾān, and ruʾyat Allāh were examined, along with political issues such as the imamate, the qualifications required of an imam, types of imamate and the principles of the ʿAzzāba Organization (walāya, barāʾa, wuquf). As a result, the place of both factions in the history of Islamic thought and their relations with one another were re-evaluated within the methodological framework of this study, leading to several findings. Firstly, it was underlined how Ibāḍiyya, with its inclusive and institutional approach, succeeded in establishing a lasting religious-political structure in the region during the Rustamids period, whereas the Nukkarīyya, due to its doctrinal rigidity, gradually became marginalized throughout history. On the other hand, the strict doctrines developed by the Nukkarīyya concerning the theory of imamate and theological issues led to its separation from Ibāḍiyya. Nevertheless, the role undertaken by the Nukkarīyya during political crises significantly influenced regional balances. Finally, the study demonstrates that the fundamental differences between the two groups become particularly evident in their conceptions of religious authority and political legitimacy.

La thèse se limite à l’île de Djerba au Sud-Est de la Tunisie, cette l'île a fait beaucoup parler d'elle, de son architecture, de son histoire, de sa diversité culturelle (artisanale, culinaire, linguistique, …) et ethnique (berbères, arabes, …), ainsi qu’un vivre ensemble rare entre juifs, musulmans (malékites et ibadites) et chrétiens (catholiques et orthodoxes). En réalité, le tourisme est devenu depuis 1960 l’activité principale de l’île, d’où l’intégration d’une grande partie de sa population dans cette activité. Cette thèse analyse la relation entre le tourisme et le patrimoine à Djerba, mais aussi le degré d’implication des acteurs locaux dans des processus de patrimonialisation et de mise en tourisme à partir des années soixante jusqu’à nos jours. Bien évidemment, la thèse évoque la Tunisie « postrévolutionnaire » qui a incarné un engagement citoyen sans précédent sur le plan national en général, et dans la mise en valeur du patrimoine en particulier. Durant cette période de transition, le pays a connu une réactivité sans précédent de la part des acteurs locaux et des associations venus joindre l’effort collectif, de louables actions culturelles dans les régions, sur le patrimoine, entre autres. Inévitablement, cette île a été marquée par un essor remarquable de l’activité associative depuis 2011 faisant du patrimoine un centre d’intérêt qu’il faut sauver, partager et intégrer dans la dynamique économique comme le projet d’inscription de l’île sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco.

ملخص: تعالج هذه الأطروحة العلاقة بين العلاقات الاجتماعية التي ينسجها التاجر المزابي في منطقة الغرب الجزائري واندماجه في المجتمع المحلّي لكل مدينة، حيث يمثل النشاط التجاري مجالا اجتماعيا غنيا بالعلاقات الاجتماعية والمعاملات التجارية في المحيط الحضري الذي يحوز على سوق استهلاكية كبيرة. لقياس هذه العلاقة بين المتغيرين اعتمدنا على المزج بين المنهج الكمي والكيفي؛ من أجل الإحاطة الواسعة قدر الإمكان لمسار هجرة الجماعة المزابية من وادي ميزاب إلى مدن الغرب الجزائري وواقع العلاقة بين التاجر المزابي والرجل المحلّي، معتمدين في ذلك على الاستمارة والمقابلة لجمع المعلومات اللازمة لقياس هذه العلاقة، وكانت من أهم النتائج المتحصل عليها وجود علاقات صداقة وجيرة قوية بين الطرفين في المدينة، كما يوجد علاقة مصاهرة بين التاجر والمحلّي وأكثر من هذا مشاركة المزابي في نشاطات المجتمع المحلّي في منطقة الغرب الجزائري. Résumé: La thèse traite la relation entre les relations sociales que le commerçant Mozabite les ai tissé dans la région de l’Ouest algérien et son intégration dans la communauté locale de chaque ville, où l’activité commerciale est un espace social riche en relations sociales et transactions commerciales dans l’océan urbain qui détient un grand marché de consommation. Cette relation entre les deux variables nécessite une mesure scientifique, ou nous nous sommes appuyés sur une combinaison d’approches quantitatives et qualitatives ; Afin de capturer le plus largement possible le parcours migratoire de la communauté Mozabite de la vallée de M’Zab aux villes de l’Ouest algérien et la réalité de la relation entre le commerçant et l’individu local. En basant sur la technique du formulaire et l’entretien pour avoir des informations nécessaires afin examiner cette relation, l’un des résultats les plus importants obtenus a été l’existence de relations amicales et de bon voisinage entre les deux parties dans la ville. Il y a aussi un rapport entre le commerçant et le local où la participation du commerçant aux activités de la société locale dans la région algérienne occidentale est fort.

Araştırmanın amacı İbâzî tefsir geleneğinde ahkâm âyetlerinin nasıl yorumlandığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç için incelenilen tefsir Muhammed b. Yûsuf Ettafeyyiş'in son tefsir eseri olan Teysîrü't-Tefsîr'dir. Nitekim Ettafeyyiş mezhebi içerisinde "Kutb" lakabı ile anılan tefsir ve fıkıh ilimleri başta olmak üzere diğer İslâmî ilimlerde de yetkinlik sahibi olan bir müfessirdir. Ettafeyyiş'in de eserinde vurguladığı gibi İbâzıyye mezhebi, Hanefî mezhebi ile ahkâma ait birçok konuda ittifak halindedir. Bunun yanı sıra Şâfîî ve Mâlikî mezhebi ile de birçok meselede ittifakı bulunan Ettafeyyiş eserinde bu benzerlikleri ifade ederken mezhepler ile ihtilaf halinde olduğu konuları da belirtmekten çekinmemiştir. Özellikle Zâhirî mezhebi ile olan ihtilafları, Ettafeyyiş'in ve mezhebinin âyetleri literal okumaktan uzak olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır. İbâzıyye mezhebinin neşet ettiği Hâricî mezhebi ile bir görüş birliği içerisinde olmaması gerek Ettafeyyiş'in gerek İbâzıyye'nin, Hâricîler gibi nasları yorumlamada sert bir tutuma sahip olmadıklarının göstergesidir. Her ne kadar İbâzıyye, Hâricî fırkaları arasından günümüze ulaşan tek zümre olsa da İbâzîler dinin ahkâmı karşısında literal tavırdan uzak durmuş, mutedil bir tutum benimsemiştir. Ettafeyyiş'in sünnî mezhepler ile ittifak ettiği meseleler doğrultusunda İbâzıyye mezhebinin ahkâm konusunda Hâricîlerden ziyade sünnî mezhepler ile olan benzerliğinin daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Entre le IIe/VIIIe et le VIIe/XIIIe siècle, l’ibadisme maghrébin a connu une série de dissidences internes qui ont marqué son évolution politique, juridique et théologique. Cette thèse se propose d’en retracer l’histoire, tout en défendant l’idée que ces mouvements contestataires ne doivent pas être perçus comme de simples incidents marginaux, mais comme des acteurs à part entière du développement doctrinal de l’ibadisme. À travers l’analyse croisée de sources historiques, juridiques et théologiques, nous montrons que les mouvements contestataires ibadites ne furent pas de simples ruptures conjoncturelles, mais des facteurs structurants dans l’évolution de la pensée du groupe. Ces mouvements, parfois éphémères, ont contribué à redéfinir les équilibres entre pouvoir central et autonomie locale, tout en nourrissant des débats doctrinaux majeurs sur l’imamat, la nature du pouvoir, les conditions de sa légitimation, la responsabilité religieuse, ou encore la validité de certaines pratiques rituelles. Ces dissidences ont ainsi joué un rôle dans la formalisation progressive des normes de l’orthodoxie ibadite. Nous postulons que c’est dans la confrontation avec ces courants dissidents que s’est élaborée, progressivement, une orthodoxie ibadite maghrébine construite par l’exclusion, la marginalisation ou l’assimilation partielle des mouvements concurrents. En ce sens, l’étude des conflits internes offre un accès privilégié aux mécanismes de construction doctrinale et à la fabrique de la mémoire communautaire, éclairant la manière dont une tradition religieuse gère sa propre pluralité pour assurer sa cohésion, préserver sa légitimité et transmettre une mémoire collective structurante, garante de son identité sur le long terme.

The scope of this study is to provide a preliminary analysis of the potential production activity undertaken in Malta during the Arab period. The study aims to collate and analyse the available evidence for the period, such as archaeological, historical, geological, and environmental data, and provide an informed picture of the production activity, including such topics as land-use potential and strategies, economic production, and possible practices of adaptive risk management. The research emphasises the importance of the landscape and environmental context, with Geographic Information System (GIS) tools employed to map and analyse site-level agricultural potential, hydrological resources, and proximity to productive landscapes. Thanks to pottery finds, sites of activity or occupation were identified. These sites include one urban site, two coastal sites, and three rural sites. All sites have access to agriculturally suitable land, but to varying degrees, with the sites in the west and north of the island having the greatest potential within a 1 km radius. All sites are also in the vicinity of hydrological resources. While small-scale irrigation or rainwater harvesting methods may have been used, the absence of large-scale irrigation infrastructure suggests limited necessity for such costly undertakings, possibly due to the population size and varied microenvironments that allowed for diverse food production throughout the year. Animal husbandry and apiculture were also practicable, especially since the island has substantial waste ground, such as karstic land with limited agricultural potential but ideal for grazing. Thus, the production of varied foodstuffs would likely not have impinged on each other. Pottery production has also been identified. The nature of the sedimentary geology of the island, which results in calcium carbonate-rich clay, has been identified as one of the issues that would have impacted pottery production. So too is the availability of fuel, seeing the generally degraded steppe environment and limited tree cover present during the period. What also emerges from the study is a picture of an island that is not an uninhabited or forgotten backwater. However, it seems that the Aghlabid overlordship of the island in the ninth century could have resulted in general neglect of the island’s potential, which is reversed starting in the early tenth century under the Fatimids. The study also highlights the clear and evident need for additional research, especially of a scientific nature, and publication of the archaeology of Arab period Malta. Such efforts would be a boon to our understanding of this often-overlooked period of the history of the Maltese Islands and help further elucidate agricultural practices, trade dynamics, and adaptive strategies during the Arab period in Malta.