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Le système tribal dans la région Kabyle est représenté dans l’organisation de Tajmaath, la seule institution dirigeante dans le village kabyle. Cette structure coutumière a réussi à diriger le pouvoir de décision dans la région tout en réconciliant la dimension réelle du rôle joué par Tajmaath et l’adaptation entre la structure politique, sociale et économique de la société algérienne dans le cadre d’un ensemble strict de lois coutumières. Ces lois ont réglementé la vie sociale des villages prioritairement à travers plusieurs pratiques, et a imposé des sanctions qui varient selon la violation et son acteur, qui vont toutes en parallèle avec la loi positive algérienne, il n’y a par conséquent pas de droit coutumier qui affecte la constitution et vice versa .The tribal system in the Kabyle region is represented in the organization of Tajma'ath, the only ruling institution in the Kabyle village. This customary structure has managed to direct decision-making power in the region while reconciling the real dimension of the role played by Tajma'ath and the adaptation between the political structure, social and economic aspects of Algerian society within the framework of a strict set of customary laws. These laws have regulated the social life of villages primarily through several practices, and imposed sanctions that vary according to the violation and its actor, all of which go in parallel with the positive Algerian law, there is therefore no customary law that affects the constitution and vice versa. النظام العشائري في منطقة القبائل من خلال تنظيم تاجماعث _دراسة ميدانية بمنطقة تيزي وزو :الملخص يتجسد النظام العشائري بمنطقة القبائل في تنظيم تاجماعث الذي يعتبر المؤسسة الوحيدة الحاكمة في القرية القبائلية. فقد استطاعت هذه التركيبة العرفية أن تتحكم في سلطة القرار في المنطقة، وذلك من خلال التوفيق بين البعد الحقيقي للدور الذي تلعبه تاجماعث، والتأقلم بين البنية السياسية و الاجتماعية والاقتصادية للمجتمع الجزائري، تحت مجموعة قوانين عرفية صارمة. فقد عملت هذه الأخيرة على تنظيم الحياة الاجتماعية للقرى بدرجة أولى من خلال عدّة ممارسات، و فرض عقوبات تختلف حسب المخالفة و فاعلها، و كلّها تسير بالموازاة مع القانون الوضعي للجزائر، فلا قانون عرفي يمس بالدستور والعكس صحيح
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Portuguese presence in the Gulf of Oman developed, in general, since the early sixteenth century. However, the Arab shores were constantly side-lined in favour of Hormuz, the centre of Portuguese operations in the region. That changed in 1622, when the island was lost to an Anglo-Persian force. That moment, the Portuguese chose Muscat as a regional base and, as such, the Omani world became fundamental for the consolidation and enhancement of the Portuguese position as a leading power. Yet, the rule of the Omani shores proved to be difficult and hazardous. The Estado da India’s decline in resources, increasing European competition and the rise of a new united Arab entity exacerbated those difficulties and, in a few decades, Portuguese control was reduced to Muscat itself. This study addresses some of the pivotal characteristics and events related to the Portuguese presence in the Arabian coast of Oman, from the loss of Hormuz to the fall of Muscat in 1650. Therefore, military operations, commercial undertakings, financial difficulties, political decisions, religious features and tense relations are at the centre of the narrative. This way, it would be possible to understand how the Estado da India elite in Goa and the Portuguese officials in Oman acted throughout this period. Portuguese-Omani interactions started well before 1622 and continued well beyond 1650, but the three decades addressed in this dissertation can be seen as their climax.
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This dissertation is a history of the Omani Empire focused primarily on the first half of the nineteenth century. I use the reign of Oman’s longest serving ruler, Saʿid bin Sultan (1804/6-1856), as a lens for highlighting the formative role the Omani Empire played in uniting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans into a shared oceanic marketplace, a crucial step in the emergence of modern global capitalism. It is based on archival research and published primary sources from throughout Oman, Zanzibar, India, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This work reveals the Omani Empire as a new, mostly overlooked space for seeing how entrepreneurs and statesmen combined imperial agendas, slave labor, and the singular pursuit of profit in uniting disparate markets into global circuits of exchange. Across six chapters, I unravel the process by which Zanzibar, the empire’s capital, became a monied metropolis bursting with entrepreneurs from throughout the world, trading in the most coveted consumer goods of the time. By using an oceanic framework, I bring into focus an entire history of empire and capitalism that has been largely overlooked by many Middle East and Islamic world historians because of a conventional adherence to terrestrial units of analysis. Most broadly, I aim to show how the makings of the modern world lie as much in places like East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula as in places like England or New England. Accordingly, I use the Omani Empire as a platform for arguing that the formation of global capitalism resulted from relatively new maritime markets throughout the Atlantic Ocean being incorporated into the longer standing Indian Ocean world.
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سقطت تاهرت الرستمية على يد الشيعة الإسماعيلية سنة 296 ه/ 909 م، فخربت المدينة وأحرقت وقتل ممن كان بها من الرستميين ومن بقي فر إلى مناطق الدعوة الإباضية بورجلان، فأصبحت تاهرت ولاية تابعة للدولة العبيدية يحكمها والي شيعي. لكن أهل تاهرت من قبائل زناتة لم يرضوا بهذا الكيان السياسي الجديد، فقاموا بعمليات تمردية وثورات تعلن رفضهم لهذا الوجود الشيعي ، فإنعكست هذه الأعمال بالسلب على عمران المدينة... استمرت النكبات على تاهرت فظهرت صراعات قبلية بين زناتة وصنهاجة فإزدادت الأوضاع سوءا على عمرانها فغابت المدينة على الأحداث الحضارية بسبب مامر عليها من أحداث. بعد هذا شهدت تاهرت تخريبا اخر في العهد الموحدي وذلك نتيجةصراعها مع المرابطين على ارضه واعتبرت هذه الوقعية آخر وقعية لتاهرت سياسيا وحضاريا..