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The development of Zanzibar as an entrepot and capital of a vast commercial empire has previously been attributed entirely to the far-sighted policies of Seyyid Said. A re-examination of the economic history of East Africa reveals that economic expansion from the eighteenth century resulted from economic forces which were independent of Omani policies; that these forces were already in motion before Seyyid Said first visited Zanzibar; and that the Omanis manipulated these forces to centralise economic activities at Zanzibar to a greater degree than would otherwise have been achieved, thus forming a commercial empire. The Omani demand for slaves for their expanding date plantations and the increasing French demand in the Mascarenes initiated a rapid expansion of Kilwa's hinterland and the growth of Zanzibar's entrepot role to supply the imports. When the French slave trade suffered a mortal blow from the Napoleonic wars and the eventual prohibition in 1822, the redundant slaves were diverted to the clove plantations of Zanzibar. The second major development was initiated by Portuguese taxation of the ivory trade of Mozambique. By 1801 ivory exports had been halved. To supply the unsatisfied Indian demand, to which was soon to be added European and American demand, the northern ivory hinterland was rapidly expanded during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. The development of the Indian mercantile community facilitated this expansion. The supply of this commodity of the hunt called for a constant expansion of the hinterland and sophistication of the commercial organization which, however, was dependent entirely on a caravan of human shoulders. The demand thus regularly outstripped supply, and ivory prices consequently rose. The price of manufactured imports, on the other hand, tended to remain steady or even decline as a result of mechanisation. The diverging price curves thus constituted a dynamic force for economic expansion. On such a vibrant economic base the Omanis structured their commercial empire. The empire, however, was not built on a stable administrative or political structure, but on a system of influence and common economic interests. In the age of the "Scramble" it merely crumbled.
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Al-Ibadiyah, or al-Abadiyah, is one of the earliest Islamic sects, the foundation of which goes back to the first half of the first century H. The school took its name from 'Abdullah b. Ibad, one of its early theologians. The name Ibadiyah applies to a Mslim group which was considered by most writers as a moderate branch of the Kharijite movement. The adherents of this school still form a number of independent communities holding fast to its teachings. The largest of these lives today in "Uman and Masqat in South East Arabia. There are other minorities in Zanzibar off the east coast of Africa, in Jabal Nufusah and Zuwarah in Libya, in Jerba Island in Tunisia, and in Wad Mzab in Algeria. Very little is known about the Ibadlyah, their doctrines, origins and development. Modern European scholars have made useful contributions in the field of Ibadi studies but their studies were directed mainly to the history of the Ibadl communities or some aspects of their present social and religious life.
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La guérilla du FLD contre le sultan d'Oman, soutenue par le Yémen du Sud, est abordée dans un contexte historique. L'auteur analyse l'attitude du monde arabe à l'égard de la révolution dhofarie (marxisme, rapports sociaux, libération de la femme, lutte contre le tribalisme).
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Topic
- Dhofar (1)
- Ibadisme -- thèmes et motifs (1)
- Tourisme -- Djerba (1)
- Vie politique -- Oman -- 1913-1932 (1)
- Zanzibar (2)