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The East African islands of Zanzibar have long been situated at the nexus of multiple geographies, empires, and projects of reform. The islands were once made the capital of the Omani sultanate, served as the East African entry point for European missionaries, explorers, and colonial projects, and have received and debated Islamic reformist projects originating from Egypt, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. As a cosmopolitan center of exchange between Africa and the Indian Ocean, Zanzibar’s discourses and practices of Islamic knowledge transmission reflect these overlapping projects of reform, including the rapid transformation and modernization of Islamic education in recent centuries. This chapter traces the history and philosophical foundations of Islamic education in Zanzibar, as situated within broader trends in Africa and the Indian Ocean. Enduring and reinventing itself under the influences of European colonialism, postindependence socialism and development, and Islamic reformist projects from the Gulf, Zanzibar’s cosmopolitan madrasa education evidences the adaptability of the Islamic discursive tradition across time and place.
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The Anglo-Omani alliance remains the longest enduring diplomatic relationship that Britain has established with any Arab polity. This chapter traces the evolution of the Sultanate of Oman’s ‘sub-imperial’ position within Britain’s informal empire in the Middle East from the Napoleonic Wars to the ‘East of Suez’ withdrawals (1968–1971). It concludes that although the Anglo-Omani relationship during this period was a patron-client one, the survival of the Busaid dynasty was also an important British interest. In turn, Britain’s patronage not only enabled the survival of the Sultanate, but it also defined its territorial extent and also (from the First World War onwards) created and sustained the development of its military power against its internal foes.
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This chapter analyzes the history, economy, politics, and foreign policy of the five smaller Arabian Gulf states: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. These countries have historically shared the same strengths and vulnerabilities – affluence and stability when hydrocarbon revenues flowed readily, and hardship and insecurity whenever conflict and crises enveloped the Gulf. All ruled by hereditary monarchies, but each facing unique challenges conditioned by their historical roots and royal inclinations, these five small states have well-defined political institutions but youthful populations and declining rentier wealth. This makes their future increasingly uncertain.
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In the contemporary era of rapid technological development, many regions continue to adopt development approaches rooted in local knowledge, cultural traditions, and community capacities. These contexts show that sustainability does not necessarily rely on advanced technologies but can emerge from locally adapted practices integrating environmental awareness, social organization, and cultural heritage,this study shows different perspectives of vernacular practices . Ksar Tafilelt Tajdit in Ghardaïa, Algeria, represents a notable example of community-led vernacular development within a Saharan oasis environment. Initiated by the Mozabite Ibadi community through the Amidoul Foundation and based on touiza (collective labor), the project ensured strong community participation in planning and construction. This study highlights also as Ksar Tafilelt as a vernacular model while offering a different perspective on how vernacular practices can contribute to contemporary sustainable development.
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