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The slave trade was a complex economic and political system closely connected to Omani influence along the East African coast, where Zanzibar became a major center for exporting enslaved people and employing them in the clove plantations that formed the backbone of the economy at the time. The Omani presence contributed to organizing this trade and developing its structure, making it an important source of wealth and power. In contrast, Britain and France approached the slave trade from purely colonial perspectives: Britain sought to use the slogan of "combating slavery" to expand its maritime and political influence, while France aimed to protect the interests of its agricultural colonies that depended on enslaved labor. As the rivalry between the two European powers intensified, the issue of slavery turned into a tool of political and economic pressure on the rulers of Zanzibar. Despite the treaties and imposed restrictions, the trade continued through covert methods, including smuggling and the use of foreign flags, until the late nineteenth century.

The history of the Yemeni island of Soqoṭrā from Late Antiquity to the European Age of Exploration is the history of an alternation between interconnectedness and insularity. On the one hand, Soqoṭrā was linked through commerce with other regions in the Indian Ocean, as well as with regions as far afield as the Mediterranean. Additionally, the Church of the East had, by the sixth century, put down roots on Soqoṭrā, a development that afforded the island a connection, however tenuous, to a wider world of eastern Christianity. A further link with the outside world was established in the mid-eighth century, when the Ibāḍī imamate of Oman briefly established rule over Soqoṭrā. On the other hand, Soqoṭrī history is also characterized by the equally strong pull of insularity. As a case in point, the indigenous islanders speak their own, unique Soqoṭrī language, which belongs to the Modern South Arabian branch of Semitic. As for Omani rule, this was ultimately overthrown through a revolt by Christian Soqoṭrīs, and while foreign merchants continued to visit the island, Soqoṭrā gained something of a reputation as a haven for pirates and an abode of magicians. It was also widely known as an outpost of Christianity. Over time, however, Soqoṭrā lost contact with the normative Christianity represented by the Church of the East, such that, by the time that the Portuguese first made contact with the island in the early sixteenth century, they found the indigenous inhabitants practicing a vestigial form of Christianity that centered on a veneration of the cross, but retained little else that could be deemed Christian.

This study examines the role of the Oman Al Makmur Mosque in empowering the local community's economy through a sharia-based cooperative. The research focuses on assessing two main aspects: the mosque's role as a center of economic activity and the impact of the cooperative on the welfare of its members and the surrounding environment. A qualitative descriptive method was used, with data collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The uniqueness of this study lies in its emphasis on the role of the mosque economy and the application of Qardhul Hasan in cooperative practices, which is rarely explored. The data were analyzed thematically to discuss issues of cooperative management, the implementation of the Qardhul Hasan mechanism, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced. This study also makes a significant contribution to the discourse on Islamic-based economic empowerment and provides practical guidance for mosque managers and financial institutions in supporting community-based MSMEs. The research results show that since its establishment in October 2022, the mosque cooperative has facilitated interest-free capital for more than 130 members to start and develop micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Bank Indonesia and BPRS Hikmah Wakilah have strengthened access to capital. This research makes an important contribution to the discourse on Islamic-based economic empowerment and offers practical guidance for mosque managers and financial institutions in supporting community-based MSMEs. The uniqueness of this study lies in the emphasis on the role of the mosque economy and the application of Qardhul Hasan in cooperative practices, which are still rarely explored.

Sayyid Said bin Sultan, who assumed the rule of Oman in 1806, was able to link Oman with East Africa and unite them under his rule. He made Zanzibar his capital. Sayyid Said worked to establish his rule in Zanzibar on strong foundations to advance the Arab-African Sultanate. He was interested in various economic activities and made Zanzibar an oriental city by establishing various Arab customs and traditions, including civil and religious architecture and others. This study aims to introduce the personality of Sayyid Said, who is considered one of the prominent figures in modern Arab history, by highlighting the reasons that led him to make Zanzibar the capital of his state and to rule Oman from East Africa, and how he was able to make it a prosperous city with an oriental character.

This study aims to highlight the extent to which work ethics based on Islamic values contribute to the sustainability of trade among merchants in the M’zab region of Ghardaia, Algeria. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 100 merchants, and 76 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. Results show a significant relationship between elements of Islamic work ethics, such as religious commitment, honesty in work, truthfulness in work, good customer relations, and cooperation and sharing, but with varying degrees. Good customer relations and honesty in work showed a stronger correlation with the sustainability of trade among M’zab merchants. The survey results indicated that the elements of Islamic work ethics among M’zab merchants affect the sustainability of their trade, and 17.1% of the variation in trade sustainability in the study sample can be explained by different levels of Islamic work ethics elements.

Une mission archéologique pluridisciplinaire conduite par Corinne Castel, sous l’égide du CNRS, de l’Université Lyon 2 et du Ministry of Heritage and Tourism of Oman, mène des fouilles au Sultanat d’Oman depuis 2019 sur le secteur d’Al-Arid. Ce secteur est situé sur la rive gauche du wadi Khuwaybah, dans une large vallée au pied des monts Al-Hajar, à une quinzaine de kilomètres au nordouest du site archéologique de Bāt classé au patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco. Les fouilles ont mis en évidence deux phases principales d’occupation du site d’Al-Arid au début de l’âge du Bronze, aux périodes Hafit (environ 3200-2700 avant notre ère) puis Umm an-Nar (environ 2700-2000 avant notre ère). Elles ont révélé un nombre remarquable de vestiges : sept tours, une nécropole, des bâtiments, un atelier de transformation du minerai de cuivre en métal de la période Hafit.

يسجل المتشغلون بالبحث والكتابة في المجال الطوبونيمي انعدام المصادر والوثائق المكتوبة التي يُنطلق منها في معرفة أصول تسميات الأماكن أو التغيّر الذي طرأ على بعضها، مما يدفعهم، في الغالب، إلى الاعتماد على الروايات الشفوية. وانطلاقا من هذا العائق، تأتي هذه الدراسة الموسومة بـ: دور الشيخ محمد بن يوسف أطفيّش في التعريف ببعض مواضع مدينة غرداية- قراءة في الرسالة الشافية- . ويمكننا القول بأن لهذه الرسالة مكانة كبرى؛ ذلك أنها تحوي معارف في مجالات مختلفة نحو: الأديان، المذاهب الفقهية، علم الكلام، التاريخ، علم الأنساب، الجغرافية، اللغة، الأدب... تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على جغرافية مدينة غرداية من خلال التواصل مع المدونة(الرسالة الشافية)، وذلك برصد بعض المواضع التي جاءت فيها، وعرض الروايات المبينة لأصول تسمياتها، ولعلها(الدراسة)، بهذا الرصد والعرض، تضع أمام الدارسين مادة يُنطلق منها في التحقيق والصناعة المعجمية. Typically, toponymists note the lack of sources and written documents from which to base their knowledge of the origins of places’ names or the alterations that have occurred in some of them. This often leads them to rely on oral narratives. As the title suggests, the present study comes to light to address such an obstacle. Notably, the treatise holds great significance because it contains knowledge in various fields, including religions, schools of jurisprudence, theology, history, genealogy, geography, language, and literature. The presentstudyaims to identify the geography of the city of Ghardaia by engagingwith the corpus (Al-Risalah Al-Shafiyya), by identifying some of the places where it appears and presenting narratives explaining the origins of its names. Most importantly, through this exploration and presentation, the study will provide scholars with material from which to begin investigation and lexicographical development.

Issuing fatwa—among other aspects— preserves religion among people, showcases the timelessness of the Islamic legislation in addition to its superiority over time and place. Allah Almighty decrees the preservation and eternity of the tolerant sharī’ah, as He said: “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Reminder; and indeed, We are its guardian.” [Al-Hijr: 9]. Considering its noble status and high regard, significant attention, guidance, and religious rooting ‘ta’asil’ have been given to issuing fatwas by the Islamic law in terms of clarifying its concept, conditions, ethics, principles, benefits, and the methodologies used by jurists to derive legal rulings. This research paper aims to clarify the conditions necessary for making fatwas, the ranks of muftis and their qualifications, and the ruling on the fragmentation of ijtihad and fatwa from mainly an Ibadi standpoint. That is, this inquiry opens up on some works of scholars from other Islamic schools with the aim of broadening its scope.

La thèse se limite à l’île de Djerba au Sud-Est de la Tunisie, cette l'île a fait beaucoup parler d'elle, de son architecture, de son histoire, de sa diversité culturelle (artisanale, culinaire, linguistique, …) et ethnique (berbères, arabes, …), ainsi qu’un vivre ensemble rare entre juifs, musulmans (malékites et ibadites) et chrétiens (catholiques et orthodoxes). En réalité, le tourisme est devenu depuis 1960 l’activité principale de l’île, d’où l’intégration d’une grande partie de sa population dans cette activité. Cette thèse analyse la relation entre le tourisme et le patrimoine à Djerba, mais aussi le degré d’implication des acteurs locaux dans des processus de patrimonialisation et de mise en tourisme à partir des années soixante jusqu’à nos jours. Bien évidemment, la thèse évoque la Tunisie « postrévolutionnaire » qui a incarné un engagement citoyen sans précédent sur le plan national en général, et dans la mise en valeur du patrimoine en particulier. Durant cette période de transition, le pays a connu une réactivité sans précédent de la part des acteurs locaux et des associations venus joindre l’effort collectif, de louables actions culturelles dans les régions, sur le patrimoine, entre autres. Inévitablement, cette île a été marquée par un essor remarquable de l’activité associative depuis 2011 faisant du patrimoine un centre d’intérêt qu’il faut sauver, partager et intégrer dans la dynamique économique comme le projet d’inscription de l’île sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco.

This study examines women’s voluntary work in the Mozabite community, exploring whether it is an individual initiative or a cultural and religious tradition. Field research was conducted through interviews with women volunteers from the “Tamsiridin” organization, chosen as a model for this study. The findings reveal that this organisation forms the core of women’s voluntary work in the community. It transformed women’s voluntary work from isolated individual acts into an institutional and social practice that was once exclusively for men. Thanks to the "Tamsiridin" organization, women have gained the opportunity to assert their presence as active and productive members of society. Women now contribute to the construction, stability, and continuity of the social system alongside men.

This research examines the strategic role of marketing-oriented urban planning and design in enhancing the city's visual image, using Ghardaïa, a UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Algeria, as a case study. The study highlights the problem of the city's eroding visual image, which is a result of the poor integration between urban planning and city marketing. The clarity of a city's visual image generally reflects the interaction between its urban formation elements—buildings, urban blocks, and internal and external spaces—and the background of the visual scene, such as topography and climate. However, the focus of this study is on the formative structure of the city's visual image, which is the combination of physical planning elements and the natural background. This can be conceptualized as the sum of two mathematical functions influenced by a primary variable, time (t). This is not necessarily a quantitative measurement of the visual image's clarity, but rather a qualitative assessment and interpretation of this image's significance, achieved by using strategic urban planning, innovative architectural design, and an effective marketing mix.

This chapter sheds light on the engagement of Islamists in Oman before, during, and after the Arab and Omani uprising, addressing the under-researched nature of

ملخص: تعالج هذه الأطروحة العلاقة بين العلاقات الاجتماعية التي ينسجها التاجر المزابي في منطقة الغرب الجزائري واندماجه في المجتمع المحلّي لكل مدينة، حيث يمثل النشاط التجاري مجالا اجتماعيا غنيا بالعلاقات الاجتماعية والمعاملات التجارية في المحيط الحضري الذي يحوز على سوق استهلاكية كبيرة. لقياس هذه العلاقة بين المتغيرين اعتمدنا على المزج بين المنهج الكمي والكيفي؛ من أجل الإحاطة الواسعة قدر الإمكان لمسار هجرة الجماعة المزابية من وادي ميزاب إلى مدن الغرب الجزائري وواقع العلاقة بين التاجر المزابي والرجل المحلّي، معتمدين في ذلك على الاستمارة والمقابلة لجمع المعلومات اللازمة لقياس هذه العلاقة، وكانت من أهم النتائج المتحصل عليها وجود علاقات صداقة وجيرة قوية بين الطرفين في المدينة، كما يوجد علاقة مصاهرة بين التاجر والمحلّي وأكثر من هذا مشاركة المزابي في نشاطات المجتمع المحلّي في منطقة الغرب الجزائري. Résumé: La thèse traite la relation entre les relations sociales que le commerçant Mozabite les ai tissé dans la région de l’Ouest algérien et son intégration dans la communauté locale de chaque ville, où l’activité commerciale est un espace social riche en relations sociales et transactions commerciales dans l’océan urbain qui détient un grand marché de consommation. Cette relation entre les deux variables nécessite une mesure scientifique, ou nous nous sommes appuyés sur une combinaison d’approches quantitatives et qualitatives ; Afin de capturer le plus largement possible le parcours migratoire de la communauté Mozabite de la vallée de M’Zab aux villes de l’Ouest algérien et la réalité de la relation entre le commerçant et l’individu local. En basant sur la technique du formulaire et l’entretien pour avoir des informations nécessaires afin examiner cette relation, l’un des résultats les plus importants obtenus a été l’existence de relations amicales et de bon voisinage entre les deux parties dans la ville. Il y a aussi un rapport entre le commerçant et le local où la participation du commerçant aux activités de la société locale dans la région algérienne occidentale est fort.

This paper addresses the proliferation of prophetic movements and mimetic religions in medieval Islamic North Africa, focusing on the Barghwāṭa and Ghumāra tribes. It critiques medieval Arabic and Orientalist terminologies used to explain this complex issue, arguing that they fail to capture the dynamics of these movements. The paper introduces the concept of mimetic religion to interpret localized prophetic movements that emerged on the periphery of the established religion, namely Islam, retaining its structure while presenting parallel, rather than counteractive, religio-cultural projects. Drawing on primary sources, it highlights how misrule and exploitative practices by early conquerors fueled North African resistance, leading to revolutionary and prophetic movements. It challenges both medieval historiographical reductions of these movements to sectarianism and modern interpretations shaped by French colonial Orientalism, which often reduced them to ethnic or religious conflicts between Arab-Muslim conquerors and indigenous North Africans. By analyzing primary sources and questioning Orientalist biases, the paper emphasizes the interplay of political, economic, social, and cultural factors in shaping North African religious settings. Ultimately, it defines new boundaries for re-contextualizing and re-interpreting mimetic religion as expressive of a complex texture framing religious, cultural, and social nomenclature rooted in local North African indigenous heritage.

This research discusses the topic of narration according to Abu Abbas Al-Darjini. It begins with a brief biography of the author and his scholarly life, before moving on to his book The Classes of the Scholars in Morocco. The study then examines his methodology for tracking narration, focusing on his presentation methods and the evidence he provides, as well as the classifications he presents and their intended benefits. It also explores his methods of transmitting narratives, whether through chains of transmission (isnad), written sources or oral communication. Finally, the research concludes with a detailed discussion of the scientific value of the material in the book and how Abu Abbas Al-Darjini correctly utilised it. It also addresses how Orientalists such as Montelensky benefited from the evidential and scientific value of the book in their documentary and critical studies. The study aims to highlight the unique methodology adopted by Abu Abbas Al-Darjini in his collection of narratives and biographies, particularly within the Ibadhi tradition of North Africa. The study emphasises his temporal classifications for each era, building on the work of his predecessors and inspiring later researchers to improve their skills in gathering, researching and understanding this subject. Familiarity with earlier scholars‘ methodologies equips researchers with the competence to handle texts and strengthens their ability to write scientifically. Given Abu Abbas Al-Darjini‘s exceptional knowledge, narrative skills and documentation, he deserves the attention of researchers who can draw on his work and balanced methodology. Undoubtedly, the benefit Orientalists derived from his works in their critical studies reflects the scientific value of his book and its esteemed status among his contemporaries.