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Bidwell, R. (Ed.). (1989). The Buraimi memorials 1955: the territorial dispute concerning Buraimi, Liwa and Khor al-’Udayd (Vols. 1–5). Archive Editions.

Zahlan, R. S. (1989). The Making of the Modern Gulf States : Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. Routledge.

The Gulf States are the focus of great international interest – yet their fabulous evolution from pearl-fishing to oil-drilling, their individuality and

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Kateb, Y. (1989). Djerba, l’île de l’étrangère. In R. Keil (Ed.), Hanîn Prosa aus dem Maghreb (pp. 8–10). Wunderhorn.

Anketell, J. M. (1989). Quaternary Deposits of Northern Libya — Lithostratigraphy and Correlation. Libyan Studies, 20, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263718900006567

In recent years basic regional geological mapping of northern Libya by the Industrial Research Centre, Tripoli, together with the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey of eastern Tripolitania and the work of the author and Dr S. M. Ghellali in the Jifarah Plain and Jabal Nafusah, have greatly added to our knowledge of Quaternary deposits in the region. This work is described and evaluated against the background of earlier studies. The succession of major depositional, soil forming and erosional events which characterise the fluvio-aeolian deposits of the Jifarah Formation can be recognised in, and thus used to subdivide, laterally equivalent aeolianite, fangravel and wadi gravel deposits in the Jifarah Plain. Comparisons of this succession with others from throughout the region indicate that the events are of regional significance and that the Jifarah sequence provides a sound framework for lithostratigraphic correlation and a basis for facies analysis and chronostratigraphic studies. This review is largely limited to the northern margins of Libya north of the 30th parallel (Fig. 1). It is convenient to subdivide the zone into several regions. These are: (a) The Jifarah Plain and foothills of the Jabal Nafusah. (b) The Hammada Al Hamra Plateau and major valleys of eastern Tripolitania. (c) The coastal region from Misratah to Ajdabiyah. (d) Cyrenaica from Soluq to Al Bardia.

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Féry, R. (1989). Le Docteur Renée Antoine, Missionnaire de l’ophtalmologie au Sahara. Ed. de l’Atlanthrope.

Golvin, L. (1989). Architecture berbère. In Encyclopédie berbère (Vol. 6, pp. 865–877). Edisud.

Hadj Nacer, B. (1989). Les espaces religieux au Mzab. In F. Djaouti & M. Virolle-Souibès (Eds.), Espaces maghrébins: pratiques et enjeux (pp. 183–194). ENAG/URASC. Fonds Martin Custers.

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Vycichl, W. (1989). Argot (Jebel Nefousa – Jerba – Mzab). In Encyclopédie berbère (Vol. 6, pp. 882–884). Edisud.

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הטל, א., & Attal, R. (1989). The Jewish Press of Tunisia / עתונות יהודית בתוניסיה. Kesher / קשר, (5), 87–96. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890957

העתונות היהודית בתוניסיה היא תופעה מיוחדת במינה בקרב קהילות ישראל בארצות המזרח וצפון אפריקה: במשך כשמונים שנות קיומה יצאו לאור בארץ זו מספר גדול של עתונים יהודיים, ללא השוואה לנעשה בארצות אחרות. מאז סוף ה- 19 ועד תחילת שנות ה-60 יצאו בתוניסיה 79 עתונים ביהודית-ערבית, בלוב 14, באלג'יריה 10 ובמרוקו 9; בצרפתית ראו אור בתוניסיה 48 עתונים יהודים, באלג'יריה 33 ובמרוקו 28; בעברית הופיעו בתוניסיה בפרק זמן זה 16 עתונים, בלוב 4 ובמרוקו 2. בסך הכל הופיעו בתוניסיה בין השנים 1878-1967 143 עתונים יהודיים, וזאת בקהילה שמנתה בסוף ה-19 כ-35-40 אלף נפש, באמצע שנות ה- 20 כ-55 אלף ובשנת 1948 — כ-70 אלף נפש. The Jewish press of Tunisia was a unique phenomenon within the Jewish communities of the Arabic-speaking countries. During its 80-year history, from the end of the 19th century to the 1960s, it produced more Jewish newspapers than anywhere elso. There were 79 Judeo-Arabic newspapers in Tunis (with 14 in Libya, 10 in Algeria and 9 in Morocco); 48 French-language Jewish newspapers (33 in Algeria, 28 in Morocco); and 16 Hebrew newspapers (4 in Libya, 2 in Morocco). Between 1878 and 1967 there were a total of 143 Jewish newspapers published in Tunisia, in a community that numbered only 35,000-40,000 at the end of the 19th century; approximately 55,000 during the mid-1920s; and some 80,000 in 1948. The earliest newspapers appeared in Judeo-Arabic (Arabic written in Hebrew letters), beginning in 1878. They were small papers, mostly short-lived. The first Tunisian Jewish daily began publication in 1889 — "El Tiligraf," edited by Messaoud Maarek, and linked to the oldest telegraphic agency, Havas. But this paper, as all other Jewish papers, ceased publication in 1895 because of a steep levy imposed on all newspapers in Tunisia. The Jewish press revived in 1904, changed in character. A Zionist weekly, "Al Athad," began publication. An important new daily, "El Sabah" ("The Morning," published until 1936), edited by the accomplished Judeo-Arabic writer Jacob Cohen, along with several other competing papers, were now composed in a modern style, catering to a new generation of educated, European-oriented, French-speaking Jews. Another major paper was the weekly "El Najma" ("The Star"), published in the city of Sousse from 1920 to 1961. The Judeo-Arabic newspapers were highly specialized in orientation: some were literary, some political and some humorous and satirical — a particularly popular format. This press reached its zenith during the early 1900s, to be replaced in popularity by French-language newspapers. The two major French-language papers, both weeklies, were the pro-French, progressive "La Justice" (1907-14; 1923-33), edited by Mordochée Smaja, and the more conservative "L'Egalité" (1911-32; 1940), edited by Joseph Cohen-Ganouna. "La Justice" adopted an anti-religious establishment philosophy, while the rival "L'Egalité" fought to preserve Jewish tradition and prevent Francophilization. Only a few Hebrew newspapers were published in Tunisia before 1948, but they became more numerous thereafter, alongside the French Jewish newspapers, while the Judeo-Arabic press died out almost completely. Similarly, the number of Zionist periodicals in all three languages increased. During the 1940s and '50s, all the Zionist youth movements had their own periodicals. All Jewish papers ceased publication from November 1942 to May 1943 when Tunisia was occupied by German forces and was subject to Vichy law. This was Tunisian Jewry's darkest hour, with thousands of Jews interned in forced labor camps and Jewish property confiscated. Some Tunisian Jews were sent to the death camps of Europe. Fortunately, the Jewish population was saved by the allied victory in Tunisia. The post-World War II period was one of rich Jewish communal life. Moslem Tunisia under French rule, unlike its Arab neighbors, was not hostile to the Jewish population. They were free to demonstrate pro-Israel solidarity, as reflected in the Jewish press. Jewish emigration, especially to Israel, increased during the 1950s, especially after Tunisian independence in 1956, although President Bourguiba was favorably disposed to the Jews. With the number of Jews diminishing, the Jewish press shrank accordingly. The last Jewish periodical appeared in 1967.

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Landuse changes on the Island of Djerba, Tunisia, a minor field study (No. 106; Arbetsrapport U Landsavdelningen, p. 44). (1989). Swedish university of Agricultural sciences.

Desanges, J. (1989). Astakoures - Astakouroi. In Encyclopédie berbère (Vol. 7, p. 1004). Edisud. http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1203

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