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Due to its complex history of migrations and colonization of African, European, and Asian people, the Tunisian territory is an ideal area to study the effects of cultural change on the genetic structure of human populations. This study investigated genetic variation in the mitochondrial DNA of Tunisian populations to detect the possible impact of recent historical events on their gene pool. Two Arab and three Berber communities were analyzed using a comparison data set of 45 other populations comprising African, Arabian, Asian, European, and Near Eastern groups. Results were compared with those produced using a large panel of autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We observed a slight but important difference between the populations that inhabit the southern and central-northern areas of Tunisia. Furthermore, robust signatures of genetic isolation were detected in two Berber populations (Nouvelle Zraoua and Tamezret) and in the R’Baya people, a seminomadic Arab group. This investigation suggests that the genetic structure of investigated southern Tunisian populations retains signatures of historical events that occurred between the 7th and 17th centuries, particularly the trans-Saharan slave trade and the emigration of Berbers in remote areas of the south during the Arab conquest.

Le village de Zraoua, dans le sud de la Tunisie, fait partie des bourgades du Jebel Dahar dont les populations furent soumises à un processus de déplacement programmé, à partir de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. Ce village abandonné constitue un intéressant cas d’étude intégrée de l’architecture vernaculaire et du paysage culturel des régions de montagne de la Méditerranée. La dimension biophysique et la structure sociale se révèlent essentielles à l’interprétation de la diversité et de la spécificité de la maison-patio de la région (maison intra-muros, maison semi-troglodytique, maison sur la crête et maison sur le coteau), à la reconstitution des différentes étapes de l’évolution urbaine et à la compréhension d’un modèle de construction du paysage particulièrement ajusté aux rares ressources du territoire (terrasses en talweg, surfaces drainantes sur les coteaux et citernes).

Southeast Tunisia is known for different types of cave dwellings developed for centuries on the Matmata-Dahar plateau. Their formation takes into account the geological and geomorphological context of the sites. They thus provide an interesting example of geoheritage on which was developed an important cultural and architectural heritage. An interdisciplinary research—crossing geomorphological and historical/architectonical approaches—was carried out in two sites: Haddej and Guermessa. The Haddej site belongs to the Matmata area located in the northern part of the plateau. It is characterised by cave dwellings dug vertically and then laterally in the Quaternary aeolian silty deposits filling the valleys that dissect the plateau surface, which corresponds to the backslope of a cuesta. This geomorphological context gives a “vertico-lateral” cave dwellings in “Flower architecture”. The Guermessa site belongs to the Tataouine region, located in the southern part of the plateau. Cave dwellings were dug laterally in alternations of limestone, clay, marl and dolomite strata that appear on witness buttes and outliers slopes. The result is lateral cave dwellings in “Foot architecture”. Both sites offer favourable conditions for geomorphological study. They exhibit a wide range of structural landforms within the monocline structure and their surroundings present a variety of forms and Quaternary formations. These geomorphosites were assessed using the method developed by the University of Lausanne, which allowed us to assign them a strong scientific, aesthetic, cultural, educational and tourist value. Proposals for their tourist promotion were then made taking into account the lack of maintenance that reduces their cultural and tourist value.

Les prospections effectuées dans la vallée de l’oued Sarrat dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie, permettent d’enrichir davantage nos connaissances sur le peuplement dans cette région. Longtemps connue par l’importance de la présence romaine, cette vallée est caractérisée aussi par la concentration des monuments funéraires protohistoriques. La découverte d’une importante Rammadiya remontant au capsien et le lancement d’un projet archéologique multidisciplinaire visant le sauvetage du site à la suite de la montée des eaux du barrage de l’oued Sarrat, nous a permis d’y contribuer par le présent travail. Cette recherche n’est qu’une première approche sur un mode d’occupation du sol à savoir un village berbère. Ce village s’ajoute à toutes les traces archéologiques des autres périodes historiques pour nous donner une vision du peuplement continue dans cette vallée sur la longue histoire : Rammadiya, Tumulus, site archéologique remontant à l’époque romaine (Mahjouba l’antique Tituli), village « berbère », nécropoles collectives remontant à différentes périodes, aménagements agricoles et finalement un barrage récent.

Nous présentons les résultats préliminaires d’un projet Tuniso-Italien de collaboration scientifique dans le domaine des études environnementales et de la recherche préhistorique et anthropologique en Tunisie méridionale mené selon une approche interdisciplinaire qui comprend la géo-archéologie, la géochronologie, la géochimie, la palynologie, la paléoanthropologie et la génétique. La zone de recherche se trouve au sud du Chott el Jérid et ses environs. Il s’agit d’une zone caractérisée par la présence de l’un des méga lacs qui existaient dans le Sahara pendant les périodes humides à la fin du Quaternaire. La région est une zone charnière entre la Méditerranée et le Sahara, donc favorable à l’étude des diffusions culturelles et des déplacements humains à travers les différentes périodes et environnements.We present the preliminary results of a Tunisian-Italian project of scientific collaboration in the field of environmental studies and prehistoric and anthropological research in southern Tunisia ruled by an interdisciplinary approach that includes geo-archeology, geochronology, geochemistry, palynology, paleoanthropology and population genetics. The research area is south of the Chott el Jerid and its surroundings, where the major physiographic feature is a large playa which contained one of the mega lakes that existed in the Sahara during wet periods in the late Quaternary. The region is a pivotal area between the Mediterranean and the Sahara, then favorable to study the cultural diffusion and humans displacements through different periods and environments.

Microplastics (MPs), resulting from the degradation of plastic waste, were investigated on eight beaches on the Island of Djerba, located in the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. The study included 96 sediment samples collected in the summer of 2021 from four beach zones (dune, upper beach, coastline, and lower tidal line). The MPs were obtained using the NaCl density separation method and quantified through microscopic observation. MPs were classified based on shape, size, and dominant color. In addition, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR) was used to identify the polymer composition of representative MPs. The results revealed microplastic concentrations ranging from 23 particles/kg at Gallela Beach to 126.67 particles/kg at Yati 2 Beach, with the highest accumulation found in the dune zone (65%) compared to the other zones. The samples were dominated by fragmented and fibrous MPs, with blue, red, and black being the most abundant colors. Polymer analysis revealed that polyethylene (PE) was the most abundant polymer, followed by polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). This study highlights significant spatial variability in the distribution of the microplastic on Djerba beaches, influenced by tourism, fishing, and urban runoff. These findings underline the urgent need for sustainable waste management to reduce microplastic pollution of the Island of Djerba and in Zarzis.

Origanum majorana L. is an aromatic plant from the Lamiaceae family, considered as one of the popular plants in Tunisia since it was known to have many biological potentials and frequently grown in gardens as a condiment plant. The aim of this work is to explore the chemical composition, the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anticoagulant and insecticidal activities of the flowering aerial parts extracts and the essential oil (EO) of this plant. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC/MS. Polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were quantified from three organic extracts. The antimicrobial activities were assessed against 8 bacteria; 4 Gram negative and 4 Gram positive ones; and 4 fungal strains. The biofilm inhibition was determined in vitro by the micro dilution method against 3 bacteria. Prothrombin time (PT) and kaolin clotting time (KCT) tests were employed to investigate the anticoagulation potential for the first time. The repellent activities of the organic extracts and the fumigant activity of the EO were studied. The flowering aerial parts EO is rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (54.38%) especially in terpinen-4-ol. For the antimicrobial activities, the tested oil displayed moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity (MIC = 1.5 mg/mL), and showed a good antibiofilm activity against the tested bacteria with inhibition values greater than 51 ± 1.04% at MIC dose. Furthermore, it has anticoagulant activities with a prothrombin time of 37.3 ± 0.36 s and KCT of 48.1 ± 0.26 s at a concentration of 15 mg/mL, as well as fumigants activities against Tribolium castaneum. Polyphenols and tannins contents were found to be the highest in ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts. The two extracts showed interesting antibacterial and antifungal activity with values of MIC ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL, and from 2.5 to 20 mg/mL, respectively. Also, they present a strong antibiofilm activity at different MICs. Ethyl acetate extract has an interesting anticoagulant activity at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL with 52.18 ± 0.49 s for KCT. Ethanolic extract is a promising anticoagulant agent (16.9 ± 0.02 s for PT and 45.72 ± 0.24 s for KCT at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL). Only Petroleum ether extract has repellent activities (62.5 ± 8.5%) against an insect pest tested. The aerial parts of Origanum majorana could be considered as new source of anticoagulant, antibiofilm, antibacterial, antifungal and insecticide molecules for pharmaceuticals and pest purposes. However, further research must be undertaken to identify the active molecules responsible for these biological activities.

الملخص: فرقة الخوارج من الفرق التي ظهرت منذ زمن بعيد ولا تزال افكارها موجود في زمننا هذا فالخوارج من أشد الفرق الإسلامية تمسكاً بمذهبها الذي تعتقده وتدعو إليه، وتحاول تطبيقه بالقوة، مستخدمة القتل والفتك بالأنفس المحرمة إذا اقتضى الحال؛ فهي فرقة كبيرة من الفرق الاعتقادية، وتمثل حركة ثورية عنيفة في تاريخ الإسلام السياسي، وقد شغلت الدولة الإسلامية فترة طويلة من الزمن؛ حيث بسطوا نفوذهم السياسي على بقاع واسعة من الدولة الإسلامية في المشرق وفي المغرب العربي، ولا يخفى أن بعض أفكار الخوارج المتعلقة بتكفير العصاة لا يزال لها أتباع يمثلون تنطع الخوارج وتشددهم في وقتنا الحاضر؛ مما يستدعي عرض ودراسة هذه الفرقة، وما أنتجت من آراء وأفكار، وبيان ما جناه أتباعها على الإسلام والمسلمين، كما أن من أسباب اختياري لهذا الموضوع هو معرفة الطبيعة السياسية والعسكرية لهذه الحركة المعارضة والتعرف على الدور السياسي الذي لعبته الحركة الخارجية خلال هذه المرحلة من التاريخ الإسلامي؛ ولهذا كان اختياري لهذا البحث الجانب السياسي وأثره في نشأة الخوارج وفرقها، وقد استخدمت في هذا البحث المنهج التحليلي القائم على تحليل محتويات النصوص واستخراج المعنى منها، وإبرازه في صـورة مبسطة، وصياغتها بصيغة موضوعية، وقد اشتمل البحث على مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، ثم خاتمة، وفهرس للمصادر والمراجع. Abstract: The Kharijites, one of the earliest Islamic sects, continue to hold relevance in contemporary times. They are characterized by their unwavering adherence to their beliefs, their willingness to enforce them through violence, and their designation of those who deviate from their doctrine as apostates. As a significant ideological group and a revolutionary movement in Islamic political history, the Kharijites held sway over the Islamic state for an extended period. Their political influence extended across vast regions of the Islamic empire, both in the East and the Maghreb. It is undeniable that some of their ideas regarding the excommunication of sinners still resonate with modern-day extremists, embodying the Kharijites' extremism and rigidity. This necessitates a thorough examination of this sect, its doctrines, and the detrimental consequences of its actions for Islam and Muslims. My motivation for delving into this topic stems from a desire to understand the political and military nature of this oppositional movement and its role in shaping Islamic history during this crucial era. Consequently, I have chosen to focus on the political aspects and their impact on the emergence of the Kharijites and their various sects. The research methodology employed in this study is analytical, involving the analysis of textual content to extract and present its essence clearly and concisely, adhering to an objective tone. The study is structured as follows: an introduction, a preface, three chapters, a conclusion, and an index.

مازالت المرأة في منطقة قلالة بجزيرة جربة تصر على ارتداء اللباس التقليدي المستوحى أساسا من الموروث الامازيغي والمعروفبالمناشف أو الحولي. هو لباس يومي