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سيعنى هذا الموضوع بدراسة انعكاسات الأوضاع السياسية الاقتصادية العالمية على سلطنة مسقط وعُمان في النصف الأول من القرن العشرين، بدايةً بالتركيز على انتقال سلطة القرار السياسي والاقتصادي في سلطنة مسقط وعُمان إلى قوى عظمى كان لها دور في الأحداث السياسية والاقتصادية الداخلية، ولعل أقواها كانت السلطات البريطانية؛ ومن جملة ما سنتطرق إليه في هذا البحث أيضاً هو قضية الصراع الأوروبي في منطقة الخليج العربي وآثار ذلك على حكومة مسقط وعُمان. وكذا انعكاسات الصراع البريطاني - الأمريكي على الامتيازات النفطية في السلطنة قبيل وخلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، وسيكون تركيزنا على مرحلة مهمة من تاريخ سلطنة عُمان المعاصر، وهي المرحلة التي حكم فيها السلطان تيمور بن فيصل الذي حكم عُمان من عام 1913 وحتّى عام 1932م، ومن الإشكاليات التي تناولتها الدراسة باتباع المنهجين الوصفي والتاريخيَّ؛ هو كيف رسمت بريطانيا خطة تدمير الحياة السياسية والاقتصادية بعُمان منذ نهاية القرن 19م؟ من أجل وضعها تحت السيطرة والتبعية، وكيف ساهمت في تدهور الحالة السياسية والأمنية والاقتصادية والمالية في النصف الأول من القرن العشرين لمدّ نفوذها في الساحل العُماني؟ كما تفرعت هذين الإشكاليتين إلى تساؤلين مهمين هما: ما هو الوضع السياسي الداخلي لعُمان، ودور بريطانيا في تأجيج الصراع الداخلي بين داخلية عُمان وحكومة مسقط؟ وما هي الأوضاع الاقتصادية للسلطنة بين الحربين والتداعيات السلبية للأزمة الاقتصادية العالمية؟

This thesis explores the sociocultural continuity and residents’ adaptations to 21st-century conditions within a community-led housing project undertaken by the conservative Mozabite community in the M’zab Valley, Algeria. Using Ksar Tafilelt as a case study, which is a community-led housing project, the research examines the established co-production process to develop a new housing settlement that addresses the needs of the contemporary Mozabite community. It also identifies key lessons in sustainability that can be drawn from this unique and fully realised community-led housing project by examining the relationship between social behaviour and the built environment. The study methodology relies on a combination of questionnaires, interviews, a research diary, and records of physical traces. A sample of 70 residents was interviewed, and various indicators were employed to examine the different types of adaptive transformation changes needed in residents’ homes and neighbourhoods to better meet their contemporary needs. The use, organisation, and occupation of space at both the domestic scale of the house and the urban scale of the neighbourhood have been analysed. Residents’ evaluations and satisfaction with their dwellings and neighbourhoods have also been investigated and assessed in relation to various physical and non-physical features of their housing environments, with a focus on sociocultural factors. The findings of this research indicate that the sociocultural values transmitted from the indigenous Ibadi community remain deeply entrenched in the contemporary Mozabite community, significantly expressed architecturally in Ksar Tafilelt. Thus, these findings suggest that the sociocultural needs of residents must be regarded as equally important as environmental and economic factors. Furthermore, the research iii outcomes have yielded several lessons and principles that can be derived from this settlement, which may inform future housing provision and design practices in Algeria and beyond, particularly in regions with similar geo-cultural characteristics. These lessons can be summarised as highlighting the importance of involving the local community in the creation of urban dwellings to enhance living conditions, as long as the design aligns with their sociocultural and religious beliefs. Additionally, it is crucial to consider the role of sociocultural factors in fostering a more socially and culturally sustainable built environment.

1ایرانیان بعد از فروپاشی ساسانیان، مدت­ها موفق به ایجاد نظم سیاسی نشدند. نخستین دولتی که آنها تأسیس کردند، در خارج از مرزهای ایران بود. این دولت گرایشی به ایرانی گری نداشت، اما تأکید منابع بر نژاد بنیان گذار آن، نشانگر اثرات پیشینۀ تاریخی او بر ساختار دولت تازه تأسیس است. مسئلۀ اصلی مقاله آن است که چگونه عبدالرحمن بن رستم بسیار فراتر از مرزهای سیاسی- جغرافیایی ایران، با استفاده از آموزه­های اسلامی توانست یک دولت موروثی تشکیل دهد؟ این پژوهش نشان می­دهد که عبدالرحمن با استفاده از اندیشه­های خوارج و به ویژه اباضی و تأکید آنها بر اصل فضیلت و تضاد عرب- بربر فضای سیاسی- اجتماعی، زمینه­های لازم را برای تشکیل یک دولت جدید در شمال آفریقا فراهم کرد. شاید او در آغاز به اصول اباضیه پایبند بود، اما پس از انتخاب فرزندش عبدالوهاب به عنوان جانشین خود، راه دیگری را پیمود؛ هرچند به طور قطع نمی­توان این کار او را متأثر از پیشینه خانوادگی اش دانست.

The ksour of the M’Zab Valley, located in southern Algeria, were founded in 1101 by the Mozabites. These fortified villages, in their original configuration, incorporate exemplary architectural and urban planning elements, promoting sustainable habitation that is perfectly adapted to the Saharan context while reflecting local cultural identity. In recognition of their outstanding universal value, UNESCO introduced specific preservation and protection measures as early as 1982. Architect André Ravéreau described this valley as a true “lesson in urban planning”, highlighting a remarkable balance between functionality, sustainability, and respect for the Saharan ecosystem. However, the recent urbanisation transformations in the M’Zab Valley, which are the subject of my doctoral thesis, reveal significant changes. New development projects, located outside the walls surrounding the ksour, are multiplying to meet a growing demand for housing. Although necessary, these interventions create a rupture with the urban landscape and the Saharan architectural identity. A chronological analysis of architectural samples makes it possible to trace the elements that have been abandoned, reproduced, or transformed over time, while questioning how these developments reflect Saharan identity and impact the built heritage.

"There are ongoing efforts in anthropology to decolonise its history and give fairer space to marginalised traditions. This book examines the history and institutionalisation of anthropology in the Maghreb, the Mashreq and the Gulf, in an open and collaborative manner and from various perspectives. Its primary focus is two-fold: first, to reorient the anthropological focus towards studies conducted in the region, particularly on the conditions conducive to the institutionalisation of anthropological knowledge; second, to shed light on anthropological studies in languages other than English offering different theoretical and epistemological perspectives"-- Provided by publisher.

يتناول المقال جماليّة القبح والعهر في رواية التّقارير السريّة لدولة الزّعيم للرّوائيّ التونسيّ منّوبي زيّود. وهي رواية حديثة تعالج قضايا السّياسة والمجتمع وتستخدم معجم العُهر والقُبح، إذْ وجدنا السّارد يستعرض عالم المرأة العاهرة، وينبش في عالم السّياسيّ المشوّه، كما ينغُر في الأجساد المحرّفة تحريفا هزليّا ساخرا، مُستجليا سيمياء الألوان بين همس وفضح، ويحرِص على تصوير شخوص الرّواية بعناية مركِّزا على طابعها الوحشيّ. ولا أدلّ على أهميّة العهر والقبح ثيمة الرّواية الأبرز من انفتاحها على مقطع يكرِّس صورة الوسخ مكانا وشخوصا فمدينة العُهر أسلمت روحها لرهط من اللّصوص الجدد، تجلّى في عهر شخوصها وأمكنتها، وزمانها. بموازاة عُهر الشخصيّات وقبحها، اقترن العهر والقبح كذلك سيميائيّا بالسّواد، سوادٌ حالك يطبع غلاف الرّواية ولا تقطعه غير صحائف بالية تشهد على الماضي وتدوّن بحبر أحمر تقارير سريّة، وهو ما يفضح منذ البدء عن عالم الرّواية التّخيليّ وتماسّه مع المرجعيّ والمعيش.

Understanding intimacy within a habitat is crucial to deciphering its human and social dynamics. Human habitation's conceptual and poetic content inspires both the creation and philosophical thinking of societies. Heidegger connected art, space, and architecture of human habitation by responding to the aspirations of their inhabitants. In this sense, private life constitutes a boundary between private and public family life. In Islamic architecture, this sustainable concept is intergenerational, translating sensory experiences into spatial design. We aim to quantify this concept by comparing Islamic and modern architecture. By integrating ophthalmology calculations, those of J. Panero and M. Zelnik, and the interpersonal communication thresholds of Hall and Moore, we calculated the dynamics of spatial and superficial intimacy based on gender. Differences have been observed between Mozabite Islamic architecture in Algeria, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and modern architecture. According to Shannon and Weaver, the information is coded messages and measurable quantities. The internalization or exteriorization of intimacy is essential to understand its vernacular or modern typology. The resonance of gender frequencies undoubtedly forms the basis of a relatively effective strategy for protecting privacy within human habitats. This approach facilitated the development of a sensory imprint for the opulent vernacular Islamic habitat of M'Zab.

Due to its complex history of migrations and colonization of African, European, and Asian people, the Tunisian territory is an ideal area to study the effects of cultural change on the genetic structure of human populations. This study investigated genetic variation in the mitochondrial DNA of Tunisian populations to detect the possible impact of recent historical events on their gene pool. Two Arab and three Berber communities were analyzed using a comparison data set of 45 other populations comprising African, Arabian, Asian, European, and Near Eastern groups. Results were compared with those produced using a large panel of autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We observed a slight but important difference between the populations that inhabit the southern and central-northern areas of Tunisia. Furthermore, robust signatures of genetic isolation were detected in two Berber populations (Nouvelle Zraoua and Tamezret) and in the R’Baya people, a seminomadic Arab group. This investigation suggests that the genetic structure of investigated southern Tunisian populations retains signatures of historical events that occurred between the 7th and 17th centuries, particularly the trans-Saharan slave trade and the emigration of Berbers in remote areas of the south during the Arab conquest.

Le village de Zraoua, dans le sud de la Tunisie, fait partie des bourgades du Jebel Dahar dont les populations furent soumises à un processus de déplacement programmé, à partir de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. Ce village abandonné constitue un intéressant cas d’étude intégrée de l’architecture vernaculaire et du paysage culturel des régions de montagne de la Méditerranée. La dimension biophysique et la structure sociale se révèlent essentielles à l’interprétation de la diversité et de la spécificité de la maison-patio de la région (maison intra-muros, maison semi-troglodytique, maison sur la crête et maison sur le coteau), à la reconstitution des différentes étapes de l’évolution urbaine et à la compréhension d’un modèle de construction du paysage particulièrement ajusté aux rares ressources du territoire (terrasses en talweg, surfaces drainantes sur les coteaux et citernes).