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La leçons de vie d'un amazigh de Djerba (Tunisie)

The aim of the study is to identify the weaknesses in the current judicial system in Oman and propose reforms to strengthen them. In order to achieve this, the constitutional principal of the ‘Rule of Law’ is used as the main area of focus. Reforms to enhance the adherence to the rule of law may lead to a more effective judicial reforms to enhance the performance and efficiency of the judiciary. The study aims to look at the history of the justice system in Oman and try to fuse traditional conceptions of justice with modern western conceptions, to reach an indigenous justice system for Oman. The Imamate system is 1250 years old and has an extensive judicial experience. The institutions of the Imamate and its functions are compared to the modern institutions of the state today and to western judicial thought. The Imamate state was influenced by the Ibadi sect of Islam and the research aims at bridging different religious thoughts of justice to that found in Oman. It is argued that the values of justice worldwide are the same and are derived from religion. The study analyses the four main universal pillars of the rule of law, namely: Government bound by the law, Equality before the law, Accessibility, Impartiality and Judicial Independence and the Protection of Fundamental Rights. A survey has been conducted to measure the level of adherence to the rule of law, and to identify the key weaknesses through a numerical indicator. Based on the literature and the survey findings, proposals for reform in the different sectors of the judiciary are identified and proposed.

Objective :The aim of this study was to document the diversity and use of natural plants in the island of Djerba (Tunisia) in traditional pharmacopoeia and other uses in order to develop an ethnobotanical catalogue that could subsequently be the subject of scientific research.Materials and Methods: The technique of semi-structured interviews was used with people originating and residing or not in Djerba. Occasional conversations and direct observations were exploited for one year.Results: We have identified 86 plants out of 122 mentioned belonging to 80 genera and 43 families. Asteraceae were the most important family represented by 13 species followed by Lamiaceae and Poaceae (7 species each). The results showed that 45 species have medicinal uses (52.32%). Leaves were the most used parts (59% of species for medicinal use). Decoction was the most common method for preparing remedies.Conclusion: This study provides an important source of information for flora valorization in the studied region. The results could form a database for the search of new natural substances with added value.

L’anthropologie des années 1960–1970 et l’apologétique musulmane véhiculent des visions fixistes des femmes au Maghreb. Combinées à la rareté des sources, ces idées font obstacle à la connaissance historique. À partir du cas du Mzab, une région du nord du Sahara algérien à la population majoritairement berbérophone et ibadite, cet article propose des pistes pour historiciser la condition des Algériennes durant la période coloniale. Là où Elizabeth Thompson a montré que le patriarcat a été réinventé et renforcé dans la Syrie mandataire par l’alliance des élites locales et de l’administration, cet article montre que la médiation de maîtresses femmes au Mzab a été indispensable au renforcement de la domination masculine. Un groupe de femmes savantes et pieuses, nommées les laveuses des mortes, y enseignaient la religion aux femmes et secondaient les lettrés ibadites dans leur mission. Elles furent les indispensables agents de la domination masculine, et virent leur agency accrue.

Caelifera is one of the largest and most diverse group of insects, and they are the dominant Orthoptera in agriculture ecosystems. We present here an inventory of Acridid fauna of the agricultural ecosystems in the Mzab valley (Septentrional Sahara, Algeria). Grasshoppers were sampled with quadrats in Béni Isguen, Ghardaïa and El-Atteuf, and we have expressed the species richness, sampling effort and relative abundance. The method used is that of quadrats sampling. The results revealed the presence of 27 species, divided into three families, Acrididae, Pyrgomorphidae and Tetrigidae. Among these families, we found that Acrididae are most diverse with six subfamilies. The subfamily Oedipodinae with 10 species was the most abundant, while the subfamily Tetriginae was the least abundant (represented by a one species). The value of the diversity index showed that the cultivated area of Béni Isguen is the most favorable for the development of many Caelifera. The abundance of grasses and low intensity of agricultural activity in this environment favors the presence of Acridid. We found that the Acridid community depends mainly on the nature and richness of vegetation cover, the intensity of agricultural activity and the type of irrigation. Keywords: Grasshopper, agricultural ecosystem, biodiversity, North Africa, Sahara

Abstract This paper aims to display a promising experience of designing a new community project based on the Mozabit old traditions to found their Ksour (plural of Ksar). The faith and “self-reliance” as ancient customs of the Mozabit society have led the Oases to survive in a hostile Saharan environment. Tafilalt project aims to respect the traditional architecture and values while creating architecture worthy of the sustainable development. The community in Bani Isguen city initiated the project in 1997, planning to create a new neighborhood for Bani Isguen ksar in order to alleviate the housing shortage in the Mzab Valley. The self-help, solidarity and collective work of this community allow low-income households to have access to affordable housing. The methodical approach fulfills a thorough analysis of the different steps concerning the process from the definition to the construction of such a collective project. This quite successful designed project tends to enhance the local urban environment and empower the community ties. A set of guidelines and recommendations are made in order to improve the design process and urban strategies of any alike coming projects. , Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma experiência promissora de criação de um novo projeto comunitário baseado nas antigas tradições mozabitas para fundar seus Ksour. A fé e a “autoconfiança” como costumes antigos da sociedade Mozabita levaram os Oásis a sobreviver em um ambiente hostil do Saara. O projeto Tafilalt visa respeitar a arquitetura e os valores tradicionais, criando uma arquitetura digna do desenvolvimento sustentável. A comunidade na cidade de Bani Isguen iniciou o projeto em 1997, planejando criar um novo bairro para Bani Isguen ksar, a fim de aliviar a escassez de moradias no Vale do Mzab. A autoajuda, a solidariedade e também o trabalho coletivo desta comunidade permitem que as famílias de baixa renda tenham acesso a moradias populares. A abordagem metodológica baseia-se na análise das diferentes etapas do processo, desde a definição do projeto até a construção desse projeto coletivo. Este projeto bem-sucedido foi projetado para melhorar o ambiente urbano local e fortalecer os laços comunitários. Um conjunto de diretrizes e recomendações será feito a fim de melhorar o processo de design e as estratégias urbanas de projetos similares.

Algeria as a big country has three different climate zones: Mediterranean, semi-arid and arid; in three different regions: Northern, Central and Southern. Each region developed its typical vernacular tradition; one that responded to climate,

Les oasis de la vallée du M’Zab en Algérie, inscrites au patrimoine mondial de l’humanité, présentent une architecture et une morphologie urbaine exceptionnelles. Elles ont légitimement attiré depuis longtemps aussi bien l’attention des voyageurs, que celle des chercheurs et des aménageurs. Une particularité reste cependant largement méconnue : le mode de vie et l’habitat des Mozabites, qui se sont constitués en fonction des variations saisonnières. Aujourd’hui, l’opposition systématique entre la taddart dans les ksour et le akham dans les palmeraies est remise en cause par une urbanisation accélérée, une poussée démographique et un effacement progressif du rythme des saisons dans les déplacements domestiques et urbains. Si aujourd’hui la désignation des deux types d’habitat est toujours d’actualité, qu’en est-il de leurs caractéristiques formelles et de leurs modes d’habiter ? Ce travail se propose d’étudier l’évolution des inscriptions tant physiques que sociales de ces variations saisonnières dans les types d’habitat et la forme urbaine de l’oasis de Beni Isguen, l’une des cinq oasis de la pentapole de la vallée du M’Zab.

Cette thèse a pour cadre géographique la vallée du M’Zab située au nord du Sahara Algérien – à 600 km au sud d’Alger. Occupée initialement par les Mozabites — des Berbères Zénètes relevant religieusement de l’Ibadisme —, la région est surtout connue pour ses ksour historiques, d’un caractère architectural et paysager exceptionnel, classés patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO depuis 1982. La solidarité promue et sanctionnée par des institutions propres aux Mozabites a également contribué à la notoriété du M’Zab. Cette solidarité et des modes d’auto-organisation multiséculaires ont joué un rôle primordial dans la survie du groupe ainsi que dans la création des nouveaux ksour.La construction de ces nouveaux ksour — pensés comme des extensions des cités anciennes — a été entreprise à partir des années 1990. L’idée était de trouver une solution à la crise du logement aussi bien au plan quantitatif que qualitatif. La particularité de ces projets réside dans le rôle qu’y ont joué les institutions sociales traditionnelles mozabites, en particulier la solidarité sociale dont nous avons détaillé les pratiques tant au plan du financement des projets, qu’en ce qui concerne les modalités du choix des bénéficiaires et la réalisation des travaux, sans oublier, évidemment, la gestion des nouveaux ksour après leur occupation. Compte tenu que les attentes et les exigences des bénéficiaires de ces logements étaient nécessairement différentes de celles qui avaient présidées à la construction des anciens ksour — que cela soit en terme de confort matériel ou de façon de vivre —, nous avons été conduite à nous interroger sur la permanence et les mutations qui ont affecté les différentes formes de solidarité sociale qui soutiennent les institutions de la région, institutions garantes de la reproduction de la société mozabite et, donc, de la réussite des “nouveaux ksour “.C’est à travers l’étude des six nouveaux ksour — envisagés essentiellement de façon monographique — que nous tentons de répondre à ces interrogations. Ce travail repose à la fois sur une enquête technique conduite en tant qu’architecte et, surtout, sur des observations anthropologiques et des entretiens dans le cadre d’enquêtes de terrain accomplies en 2014, 2015 et 2016. This thesis is based in the M'Zab Valley located north of the Algerian Sahara - 600 km south of Algiers. Initially occupied by the Mozabites - Zenet Berbers religiously belonging to Ibadism - the region is best known for its historical ksour, of an exceptional architectural and landscape character, classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1982. The solidarity promoted and sanctioned by Mozabite-specific institutions has also contributed to the reputation of the M'Zab. This solidarity and centuries-old modes of self-organization have played a crucial role in the survival of the group as well as in the creation of the new ksour.The construction of these new ksour - designed as extensions of the old cities - was started in the 1990s. The idea was to find a solution to the housing crisis in both quantitative and qualitative terms. The particularity of these projects lies in the role played by traditional Mozabite social institutions, in particular social solidarity, of which we have detailed the practices both in terms of project financing and in terms of the methods used to select beneficiaries and carry out the work, without forgetting, of course, the management of the new ksour after their occupation. Given that the expectations and demands of the beneficiaries of these structures were necessarily different from those that had presided over the construction of the old ksour - whether in terms of material comfort or way of life - we were led to question the permanence and the mutations that have affected the various forms of social solidarity that support the region's institutions, institutions that guarantee the reproduction of Mozabite society and, therefore, the success of the "new ksour".It is through the study of the six new ksour - essentially considered in a monographic way - that we attempt answering these questions. This work is based on both a technical survey conducted as an architect and, more importantly, on anthropological observations and interviews as part of field surveys conducted in 2014, 2015 and 2016.