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It is a well-known fact that Libya is a country which has received very little serious study in the field of Islamic art and aroheaology. In Libya most research and study in art and archeaology has been centred on the Greek and Roman heritag+e$ and even the prehistoric era has received considerably more attention than the Islamic period. In the past ten years, howeverg excavations have been carried out in some Islamic sites both in the east and south of the country, yet so many other sites remain unexcavated and unsurveyed. The area of the Jabal Nafüsa is considered to be one of these important but neglected regions. The impetus behind this thesis, therefore, is to contribute to the present knowledge and it aims at paving the way for those who intend to go further by studying the remains of this area in greater detail. The other purpose of this thesis is to throw some light on some Islamic sites which should receive priority when carrying out excavations in the Jabal NaMsa. One obstacle that meets the scholar is to establish the historical background relative to the area of study. In the Jabal Nafüsa the historical information that we possess is scarce and sometimes obscure. This thesis contains an attempt to study the history of this area, especially concerning the first centuries of the Islamic era. Analogy and comparison were applied in order to form the historical background needed for studying some old Islamic monuments in the Jabal NafUsa. In chapters two, three and four, the emphasis is apparent on studying architecture and decorations. In the field of architecture a detailed study was applied to some Islamic remains in the area. These selected monuments reveal the variety of architectural features in the Jabal. Again comparative examples show the outaide influence on the Jabal and in addition architectural oharacteristics of local origin could be pointed out. The same method was followed when discussing the decorations which were found in some of the mosques mentioned. Comparison between these decorations and other similar dated examples made it possible to see the influence of other decorations found in different parts of the Islamic world. In chapter five the study of some mosques in Tmizda area has revealed new elements represented in the Christian and Roman influence on the Jabal. Chapter six is devoted to inscriptions which were found in various mosques in the Jabal Nafffsa. Comparative material helped in studying their style as well as suggesting an approximate date concerning the inscriptions of the Jabal. Finally this thesis could be considered as a humble attempt to illustrate some aspects of the Jabal Nafnsa, not only in respect to its importance in Islamic studies, but also in connection to other areas of study upon which some questions have been raised throughout the thesis.

Al-Ibadiyah, or al-Abadiyah, is one of the earliest Islamic sects, the foundation of which goes back to the first half of the first century H. The school took its name from 'Abdullah b. Ibad, one of its early theologians. The name Ibadiyah applies to a Mslim group which was considered by most writers as a moderate branch of the Kharijite movement. The adherents of this school still form a number of independent communities holding fast to its teachings. The largest of these lives today in "Uman and Masqat in South East Arabia. There are other minorities in Zanzibar off the east coast of Africa, in Jabal Nufusah and Zuwarah in Libya, in Jerba Island in Tunisia, and in Wad Mzab in Algeria. Very little is known about the Ibadlyah, their doctrines, origins and development. Modern European scholars have made useful contributions in the field of Ibadi studies but their studies were directed mainly to the history of the Ibadl communities or some aspects of their present social and religious life.

Patterns and processes of post-war Tunisian migration are examined in this thesis from a spatial perspective. The concept of 'migration regions' proved particularly interesting in this context, highlighting the orderly character of internal migration Comparison of different taxonomic procedures for transforming interaction matrices not only illustrated the advantages and disadvantages of different clustering techniques, but also facilitated explanation of contemporary migration patterns The hypothesis of the 'mobility transition' provides an interesting yardstick against which trends in internal migration and other mobility characteristics may be measured Although the development of Tunisian migration resembles in some respects the pattern prescribed by the mobility transition hypothesis, it IS shown that it would be wrong to conclude that the evolution of Tunisian migration is a predetermined unilinear process International migration grew rapidly in importance to Tunisian job seekers in the late 1960s and early 1970s, becoming more important in some regions of Tunisia than out-migration to Tunis. Calculation of migration quotients for emigration to France and Libya shows that international movement of workers has been a highly selective process, not only with regard to migrant characteristics, but also with regard to regions of origin and destination. An attempt is made to explain the changing pattern of Tunisian emigration, and to identify elements of spatial order within the evolving emigration process migration both at the internal and international scale is closely associated with migrants aspirations for occupational and social mobility. An understanding of the complex relationships between these different forms of mobility is a prerequisite to meaningful migration planning. The thesis concludes by out ling the relevance to policy formulation of spatial analysis of migration and employment which the Tunisian government might adopt for migration and manpower planning,

Cette thèse renvoie à la fondation politico-théologique du mouvement kharijite aux premiers siècles de l’islam. L’école ibadite est l’un des mouvements kharijites qui représentent l’opposition politique à l’islam classique au premier siècle. Cette étude ne présente pas uniquement la pensée théologique et les racines historiques de l’école ibadite. Elle s’est employée à observer l’instant crucial de l’histoire où le texte sacré a commencé à imprégner la vie quotidienne, menant ensuite aux multiples visages de l’islam, ce que l’on nomme aujourd’hui l’islam pratique, l’islam politique, l’islam théologique, l’islam juridique, etc. Cette thèse a essaye�� de faire analyser des questions théologiques qui sont dépendantes de deux contextes distincts : 1. Un contexte philosophique qui concerne toute question philosophique empruntée à la culture préislamique, telle la théorie de l’atome. D’autres encore, davantage métaphysiques, comme la théorie de l’essence divine et ses attributs ; la théorie de l’acte humain, etc. Ces problématiques sont apparues chronologiquement au cours du 2e/VIIIe siècle. 2. Un contexte épistémologique lié au cadre sociopolitique dans lequel évolue la communauté musulmane. Sa compréhension permet d’appréhender les hiérarchies religieuses de l’être humain, autrement dit l’application des hiérarchies de la divinité à l’être humain (croyant parfois et mécréant quelquefois, pieux ou hypocrite, etc.). Cette thèse a essayé autant que possible de suivre les étapes historiques et théologiques parcourues par l’école ibadite du 1er/7e au 7e/13e siècle. Cette école est considérée comme une extension historique et politique des mouvements kharijites en général, et ce sont ces derniers qui incarnent l’opposition politique en islam, qui ont ensuite soulevé les questions théologiques liées aux termes coraniques. Studying the history of the Ibadhi school and its creed represents a crucial element in academic studies. The present study is not just one of the few academic dissertations that worked to analyze the history and theology of Ibadism thought, but also belongs to an important field about the political Islamic foundation in the early centuries. That is the Khawariji (outsiders) thought which is an important part of the opposition in the political Islam, as well as Shiite ideology in general. This dissertation attempted somewhat to cover all the historical periods of Ibadhi theological school. This school is a political, historical, and theological extension of Kawarij who founded the political Islam in the 1st century and were active in establishing the conceptual principles for theological Islam through provoking the issues about the reality of the believer, hypocrite, disobeyer, etc. 1. This dissertation studied the development of concepts, their theological connotations, and their link to the social political situation in which they were generated and developed. Then, it analyzed the theological issues related to such concepts. 2. This study observed the change of Ibadhism from being a political movement to the foundation of a theological school that could establish an independent state in Oman. 3. An attempt to document the thematic development of theological issues in Ibadhism from the 1st century to the 7th century, and study their theological concepts and connotations, and their link to the social political situation of theology in Ibadhism. 4. This study conducted thematic and time comparison with the Ash’ari and Muatazela schools though considering the development of the related theological concepts and connotations from the 1st to the 7th century. 5. This study is restricted to the most prominent theological issues which actually lead to the foundation of theology, such as the issues of atom, divine entity, action of humans, vision, creation of the Quran. These are the issues that are major in theology and distinguish theological schools.