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This thesis has concentrated on one period of the historical relations which began over three centuries ago. Great Britain, or rather Englan~ during the 1620s when the Portuguese were still the lords of Muscat, was trying to explore the eastern coast of Oman. They made friends in the Masseera Island, but their relationship with the Portuguese was not a friendly one. They were welcome, indeed, by the local powers as rivals to the Portuguese in India and in Persia as well as in Oman. But despite the generosity of their help, they tried to strike a balance between the ambitions of the local powers and those of the Europeans. The English, for example, were reluctant to assist the Persian projects in Muscat against the Portuguese. In fact, if the Portuguese were expelled from there by the Persians, then it would be too difficult for the Omanis to occupy it. At the same time they offered evacuation for the wounded and the surrendered Portuguese garrison with their women and children. The English observed that, after all the people of South Persia and of Hunnuz, Arabs or Persians alike, revolted. against Shah Abbas and wanted. the Portuguese back, having discovered. them to be the lesser evil. English interest in Oman and the Persian Gulf during the seventeenth century seems to have been purely commercial. For example, during the sixteen thirties and forties stable relations with the Portuguese were maintained, partly no doubt a reflection of the marriage between their two royal families, but also because the English saw commercial value in establishing good relations with both the Omanis and the Portuguese. After the expulsion of the Portuguese, the English witnessed the establishment of the first known Omani sovereign in the modem world, and the establishment of an Omani Afro-Asian Empire. They established good relations with the Ya,aarribeh family; but for some reason they were reluctant to establish themselves in Muscat. Probably the Dutch were seen to be in a better position while the English were ~stracted. by civil war. But during the first half of the eighteenth century English policy seems to have changed, probably due to the struggle between various local and European powers which took the form of piratical activities on the seas, in which the Omani Yaaribeh took part. By the second half of the eighteenth century the English had witnessed the downfall of the Ya,aaribeh and Greater Oman, and the establishment of another dynasty in the interior of Oman under Albu Sa,eed with the Omani Coast in the Gulf ruled by EI-Qawaasem, highlighting the division of Oman. The English found it in their interest to support Ahmed bin Sa,eed in East Africa, against El-Mazaree,a, and to keep East Africa under the Yal-bu-Sa,eed rule. They found a mutual interest in challenging the Qawaasem of Rasel-khaymeh in the Gulf, and their allies the EI-Wahabyeen in Arabia., during the first half of the nineteenth century.

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Egete, A. (1990, October 5). Soucoth à Djerba. Tribune juive, 16–19.

Childs, T. W. (1990). Italo-Turkish diplomacy and the war over Libya, 1911-1912. Brill.

Landau, J. M. (1990). The Politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization. Clarendon press. Fonds Martin Custers.

Gall, M. L. (1990). Ottoman reaction to the European “scramble for Africa” : the defence of the hinterland of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. Asian and African Studies, 24(2), 109–135. Fonds Martin Custers.

Khuri, F. I. (1990). Imams and emirs: state, religion and sects in Islam. Saqi books.

pp. 113-123: The hero Imamate: the Ibadis and the Zaidis; pp. 190-193: Duality in contradiction: the Zaidis and the Ibadis.*

Lewicki, T. (1990). Le manuscrit no. 277 de l’ancienne collection ibāḍite du feu Zygmunt Smogorzewski de Lwów. Folia Orientalia, 27, 137–146. Fonds Martin Custers.

Contains K. al-Siyar of Abū ‘l-Rabīʿ Sul. b. ʿAbd al-Salām al-Wisyānī (pp. 1-189), Anonymous: Siyar al-Mashāyikh (pp. 190-344), and no title and no author, but must be a copy of the second part of K. Al-Sīra wa-Akhbār al-A’imma of Abū Zak. Yaḥyà b. Abī Bakr al-Warjlānī (pp. 345-416).

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Lewicki, T. (1990). Les noms propres berbères employés chez les Nafūsa médiévaux (VIIIe-XVIe siècle). (Observations d’un arabisant). Quatrième partie. Folia Orientalia, 26, 107–136. Fonds Martin Custers.

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Manduchi, P. (1990). Per una storia della stampa in Algeria: da “L’Estafette d’Alger” (1830) ai giornali della Repubblica Algerina Popolare e Democratica (1989). Oriente Moderno, 9, 223–244. Fonds Martin Custers.

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Djenidi, A. (1990). Le Kharijisme et la revendication égalitaire des Berbères au Maghreb (VIIIe et IXe siècles). In M. S. Sow (Ed.), Dépendance et liberté: l’Afrique et le monde méditerranéen dans l’Antiquité (pp. 55–62). Terebi. Fonds Martin Custers.