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Oman’s need to reduce its oil dependence illuminates the difficulty of reforming Gulf rentier states writ large.
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Centered on the dalla, the Omani coffee pot, this paper considers how the social practices and knowledges induced by its material form and function organize different forms of perceptual skills. These skills habituate ways of seeing that become a means towards examining the shift from the religio–ethical relationships that defined the shari'a society of the last Ibadi Islamic Imamate that ruled the interior of the region (1913–1955) to those that define ‘heritage’ as part of Omani modern nation state building today. As a coffee server in the Imamate era, the dalla facilitated a history that was primarily moral in nature, oriented towards God and divine salvation. From 1970 onwards, as a visual symbol, it became an integral part of a national linear chronicle of progressive historicity. Through a shift in authoritative time, rationales of temporality, ethics and history were reconfigured, displacing an Imamate while establishing a modern-day Sultanate in its place.
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نقَدِّم ونعَرِّف بمخطوط، لم يعرف طريقه إلى التحقيق بعد، وهو ينسب لمجهول من فترة المغرب الوسيط عنوانه (ذكر أسماء بعض شيوخ الوهبية)، إذ تكمن قيمته في أنه يحمل العديد من الدلالات الجغرافية، القبلية، الطوبونيمية والفكرية. وهذا المخطوط توجد منه أربع نسخ على الأقل في مكتبات غرداية. سبق وأشار إليه بعض الباحثين المهتمين بالتراث الإباضي، وعلى رأسهم المستشرق البولوني تاديوس ليفيتسكي من خلال مقاله: (المؤرخون الإباضيون الوهبيون في شمال إفريقيا) الصادر سنة 1961م، معتمدا على الطبعة الحجرية المتوفرة آنذاك. المخطوط عبارة عن ثبت لأعلام من المذهب الإباضي يتوزعون على مختلف المناطق التي كانت تستوطنها الجماعات الإباضية في بلاد المغرب، على غرار طرابلس ونفوسة، وجربة، والجريد، والزاب، ووارجلان، وبادية بني مصعب. مُصَنَّفين حسب انتماءاتهم القبلية، فهو يقدم لنا معطيات قد تسمح لنا بإحصاء القبليات المغربية ذات التوجه الإباضي، وتحديد أكثرها حضورا وتأثيرا. بالإضافة إلى أبعاد أخرى يمكن استخراجها من المخطوط
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This research offers a systematic analysis of the physical features of residential Vernacular Architecture (VA) of Nafusa Mountain Region (NMR) in Libya, linking them to the governance system of heritage conservation in Libya and to the Responsible Institutions (RIs). Libya has experienced different historic stages, such as the Amazigh, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Muslims, and Italian colonization. It is distinguished by a historic continuity, which has enriched its historic and architectural features. This study investigates and documents the main physical unique features of residential VA in NMR and related factors that influence Conservation Processes (CPs) within the current governance system delivered by the RIs. By clarifying the elements that make residential VA unique and by understanding current issues undermining its effective conservation, this study offers valuable and original insights for informing future conservation policies and for putting in place measures aimed at restoring, preserving, and maintaining this unique architectural and historical heritage. This research also produces new knowledge about VA of the NMR in Libya, a topic on which no studies have been available so far. By filling the gap in current knowledge, this study raises awareness about the value of the VA in the NMR and contributes to support the conservation of such a unique heritage. The research methodology for this study uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches (Mixed Methods). The researcher has selected and justified three examples of Vernacular Dwellings (VDs) in NMR and collected the data through observation, analysis of dwellings maps, photos, interviews and a questionnaire. Visual survey has been conducted by visiting relevant sites and systematically collecting visual evidence, such as photographic and technical survey including structures and technological spatial details. Spatial analysis methods have been adopted to uncover the rationale of the VA development and construction. Semi-structured interviews with relevant parties have been administered at senior, middle, and junior management level of the RIs and complemented with the review of archival documents and relevant government reports. Findings from the research outline the main challenges to VA in NMR that include a lack of appreciation and understanding of heritage among owners, scarcity of local materials and traditional building skills, lack of government support as well as insufficient documentation. All the findings were triangulated prior to the development of the initial recommendations and further decision-makers and expert validation was obtained to establish the final recommendations. Conclusions and recommendations on how to preserve residential VA in NMR context will assist policy makers in Libya, when setting strategic national plans for VA conservation, and will provide a useful point of reference for academics and researchers.
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فقد كانت هذه دراسة تحت عنوان: ( قضايا العقيدة بين محمد أطفيش الإباضي ” ت1332هـ ” من خلال تفسيره ” هميان الزاد...” ومحمد الطباطبائي الإمامي ” ت 1402هـ” من خلال تفسيره ” الميزان...” ) دراسة نقدية مقارنة، للباحث/ عثمان هاشم بيومي أحمد الأشول، لنيل درجة الدكتوراه في العلوم الإسلامية، تخصص الفلسفة الإسلامية، كلية دار العلوم، جامعة المنيا، بإشراف الأستاذ الدكتور/ محمد محمد علي صالحين.<br> وهي دراسة للجوانب العقدية بين قطب الأئمة عند الإباضية – محمد يوسف أطفيش – وبين عالِم من علماء الحوزة العلمية عند الإمامية – محمد حسين الطباطبائي – على ضوء ما ذهبوا إليه في كتابيهما.<br> وهذه الدراسة فيما استهدفناه منها ليست حملة على عقائد الفرقتين وآراء الشيخين بقدر ما هي محاولة لرصد الحقائق ووضع الأمور في نصابها الصحيح بعيدًا عن التعصب المذهبي.<br> وقسمتها إلى مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة أبواب وخاتمة:<br> أما التمهيد فعرَفتُ فيه بالشيخين – أطفيش والطباطبائي – وبفرقة كل منهما.<br> أما الباب الأول: الإلهيات وتحدثت فيه عن: وجود الله، ووحدانيته، وتنزيهه – تعالى -.<br> والباب الثاني: النبوات وتحدثت فيه عن: حكم النبوة، ودلائلها، وعصمة الأنبياء – عليهم السلام -.<br> وأما الباب الثالث: فتحدثت فيه عن السمعيات؛ وهي المسائل التي كان مصدر التلقي فيها الكتاب والسنة، وتناولت فيه: الجن والملائكة، ونعيم القبر وعذابه، والبعث... إلخ.<br> وأخيرًا الخاتمة: وبها أهم نتائج الدراسة، وتوصيات الباحث.<br> وبتناولنا لتلكم الدراسة على نحو ما ذكرت آنفًا رأينا مرتكزات كلٍ إسلاميًا تلتقي في كثير من القضايا مع عقيدة أهل السنة؛ كإيمانهم بوجود الله – تعالى – ووحدانيته وتنزيهه، والإيمان بالرسل، ودلالة المعجزة على النبوة، وعذاب القبر ونعيمه، والبعث، والجزاء، لكن سجلنا عليهم تأثير منهج التأويل في اعتقاد بعض المسائل العقدية؛ كرؤية الله – تعالى – والميزان، والصراط، وبعرضنا لمذهب أهل السنة في اعتقاد هذه القضايا وإثباتها على ضوء ما وردت في الكتاب والسنة ألفينا بعض المخالفات سواء من جهة إطفيش والإباضية، أو من جهة الطباطبائي والإمامية،؛ كالقول بالزيادة والنقصان في القرآن الكريم، والقول بعصمة الأئمة، إلا أن ثمة قضايا لا يخالفون فيها جمهور أهل السنة.
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The wills and waqfs (inalienable endowments) of Arabs from Zanzibar show various forms of support for the Ibadi community in Zanzibar, Oman and Mecca. Helping mosques, buying meals for fasting people and the poor, support for the pilgrims are just a few examples of this activity. Although it did not differ from the similar measures adopted by other Muslim communities, it pointed out profound relations between Oman and Zanzibar, the role of women in the Arab community in East Africa, and the changes that took place in this community in years 1890-1964, as well as within Oman and Zanzibar.
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Since the fall of the Qadhafi regime, Libyan armed groups have emerged as the de facto power holders in many parts of the country. Much of the existing research on Libyan non-state armed groups has looked at the relation between the armed groups and the central authorities, or between the armed groups and other powerful actors. This article is based on fieldwork in four cities in Western Libya and shows that the armed groups should be understood as locally grounded actors. Several armed groups from local communities are seen as legitimate powerholders, because of their role during and after the revolution. Many of the armed groups also originate from the same ethnic and social group as the people they set out to rule, which creates a tacit social contract between the militias and the local population. I argue that the main factor which determines how the rule of armed groups in Libya plays out is the legacy of the Qhadafi regime and the revolution. This may have implications for the future organization of the Libyan state.
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