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نقد تفسير القرآن بالقرآن عند الإباضيةتفسير هيميان الزاد إلى دار المعاد أنموذجًاالملخص :تناول هذا البحث نقد تفسير القرآن بالقرآن عند الإباضية، وذلك من خلال تفسير هيميان الزاد إلى دار المعاد للمؤلف محمد بن يوسف أطفيش، وقد تضمَّن تمهيداً ومبحثين وخاتمة، ذكرتُ في التمهيد نبذة عن تفسير القرآن بالقرآن ومنزلته في علم التفسير، وذكرتُ في المبحث الأول تعريفاً عن الإباضية وأبرز عقائدهم، وتعريفاً بمنهج تفسير هيميان الزاد ومؤلفه، ثم ذكرتُ في المبحث الثاني نماذج من تفسير هيميان الزاد في تفسير القرآن بالقرآن مع مقارنتها بأقوال المفسرين من أهل السنة، واجتهدتُ في بيان الصواب من القول وفق القواعد التفسيرية المتفق عليها عند أهل السنة والجماعة .وخَلُص البحث إلى أنه من منهج الإباضية الاستدلال في التفسير بالقرآن الكريم استدلالاً خفيّاً كان أو صريحاً ليتوافق مع معتقداتهم الباطلة، وهذا نهج خاطيء لما عليه أهل السنة والجماعة من تفسير القرآن بالقرآن وفق القواعد الصحيحة المعتبرة .الكلمات المفتاحية : نقد، تفسير، القرآن، الإباضية، هيميان الزاد .

نتناول في الورقة البحثية الإمام المحدث والفقيه أبا عمرو الربيع بن حبيب الأزدي البصري الفراهيدي صاحب كتاب "المسند" من خلال ما كتبه عنه مؤرخو إباضية المغرب في العصر الوسيط، وقد انطلقت فكرة البحث من مشكلة أساسية تمثلت في: كيفية تعامل كُتّاب السير الإباضيين في ذكرهم للشيخ الربيع بن حبيب وفتاواه، وما هي مصادرهم عنه؟، ونصبو من خلال ذلك الوقوف على ما ذكره كُتّاب السير عن جوانب حياة الربيع بن حبيب، وتأثير مسنده على الفقه الإباضي المغربي. تبين لنا من خلال ما كتبه كُتاب السير الإباضيين المغاربة في العصر الوسيط عن الربيع بن حبيب أن المعلومات لديهم عنه شحيحة في كتب السير والطبقات الإباضية المغربية، ومردّ ذلك هو اهتمامهم بتراجم مشايخ المغرب دون أهل الدعوة في المشرق، كما أن فتاواه التي ذكروها في رواياتهم قليلة ومتداولة من مؤرخ لآخر، تخص نفس المسائل وبنصوص متشابهة إلى حد بعيد. ويعود ذلك إلى تداخل نصوص كتابه "المسند" مع غيره إلى زمان أبي يعقوب يوسف الورجلاني الذي قام بترتيبه. In the research paper, we address the updated Imam Abu Amr Al-Rabi`a Ibn Habib Al-Azdi Al-Basri, the author of the book “Al-Musnad” through what historians of Ibadi Maghreb wrote in the Middle Ages? and what are their sources about him?, and through this we aim to stand on what the biographers mentioned about the aspects of the life of Al-Rabi’a Ibn Habib, and the impact of his chain of narration on Maghreb Ibadhi jurisprudence. Through what was written by Maghreb Ibadhi biographers in the Middle Ages on the authority of Rabi’a Ibn Habib, the information they have about him is scarce in the books of the Maghreb biographies and Tabaqats of the Ibadhis. It is circulated from one historian to another, concerning the same issues and with very similar texts. This is due to the overlap of the texts of his book "Al-Musnad" with others to the time of Abu Ya'qub Yusuf Al-Warjalani, who arranged it.

Ibāḍīyyah, one of the first Islamic sects, has been studied within the scope of Islamic science departments such as Islamic Theology, Hadith, Tafsīr (Qur‘anic Exegesis) and Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence), especially the History of Islamic Sects, and has been the subject of academic research. Studies on Ibāḍīyyah in Turkey followed a rapid pace, especially in the twentyfirst century. This study provides a bibliography of books, graduate theses, articles and papers produced on Ibāḍīyyah in Islamic sciences, especially in the History of Islamic Sects; and it discusses the historical development of Ibāḍīyyah studies in Turkey.

The island of Djerba lies off the east coast of Tunisia within sight of the deserts of Africa. Here Ulysses once drew up his battered vessels. The Arab early pressed himself upon the indigenous Berber and was never quite driven out. Dido's fleet rested here on its way to Carthage and established great caravansaries. The Roman and the Turk had their way with the island, and in the middle ages the Spanish conquered it and built a magnificent fort on the shore. They in turn fell before the onslaught of combined Arab and Turk, who built a mound of skulls, 18,000 of them cemented into a tower to commemorate the victory. Djerba fell at last into poverty and was left a stranger both to cupidity and to progress. Old customs hold. The native still feasts upon dog and conceals his women.

This article explores intercommunity relations in the M'Zab region of southern Algeria during the pre-colonial period. Known as a refuge for the Mozabites, Berber ibadites, the region boasted a unique identity with its own institutions and a history of autonomy. The Mozabites coexisted with Jews, ḥamriyas, and various nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes, who were mainly Malikite and Arabic-speaking. Their interactions ranged from economic cooperation to conflict, influenced by circumstances and alliances. The study aims to clarify how the Mozabites engaged with foreigners and lived alongside them before French colonization in 1882. Relying on documentary research into demographic composition, historical roles of different groups, and existing power dynamics, along with local interviews, the paper sheds light on these complex relationships. Understanding these historical interactions is crucial for grasping the current ethnic and doctrinal conflicts in the region, including those in 2015, and highlights the im-portance of historical context in contemporary community relations.

This study investigates the role of solar orientation in creating sustainable urban land systems in desert regions, using the Ksour of M'Zab in Algeria as a case study. The Ksour are vernacular Islamic and millenarian cities inhabited for centuries, and their urban design has evolved to respond to extreme climatic conditions, particularly insolation. Through a geometric analysis of the road system, this study demonstrates how the optimal orientation of urban lanes ensures the integration of extreme climatic conditions and creates comfortable streets for pedestrians. The study compares two old Ksour (El Atheuf and Beni Yezguen) with a new Ksar (Tafilalet) and statistically evaluates their solar orientation. The results show that solar orientation is a crucial tool for understanding the sustainability of desert cities. Thus, traditional knowledge and contemporary design practices can be integrated to create sustainable urbanism in arid environments. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable architecture by providing insights into how traditional knowledge can create resilient cities in challenging environments and promote sustainable development.

Prince Khalid bin Barghash Al BuSa'idi was an Arabian prince and an offspring of Al-BuSa'idi family who ruled Muscat and Zanzibar. His father, second ruler of Zanzibar, exerted great effort with the British in order to crown his son as his hire, but his effort met with failure. In 1890 Zanzibar was declared a protectorate and the British influence became more dominating in interfering in the internal affairs, as well as in the throne inheritance issue. Supported by Zanzibar people and coastal inhabitants, Prince Khalid led two attempts to seize the throne, the first of which was in 1893, but the British believed that the coronation should serve the higher British interests, and that the inheritance of the throne would be purely a British matter. At the turn of the twentieth century, he defied the might of imperial Britain at the height of its power and succeeded in the second attempt in 1896 in capturing the ruling castle and declared himself as the Sultan of Zanzibar. The British asked him to abdicate, but he refused. Their sword, therefore, took control and finally settled the questions of internal affairs and the throne inheritance. The Anglo-Zanzibar war, and the bombardment of the ruling castle forced the British deposed Sultan to take shelter in the German Consulate. A British candidate was placed on the throne. Sayyid Khalid was transferred to German East Africa and was not allowed with his family members to come back to Zanzibar. He lived a homeless and a miserable life until he gave up his claims. He was, therefore , allowed to live in Mombasa until his death in 1927.