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Prehistoric communities along the coasts of southeastern Arabia relied heavily on marine resources. However, dolphin remains in the zooarchaeological record remain poorly understood due to fragmentation, taphonomic changes, limited osteological collections, and the lack of a specific methodology for determination. In response to these challenges, the DExPO project aimed to develop a protocol for the analysis of osteological data from odontocetes and cetaceans from Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age sites in central Oman. Agreements with the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism along and support from the Natural History Museum of Oman facilitated the project. Initial implementation took place in a pilot project (2019-2020) on cetaceans in the NHM collection, and has been extended to analyse archaeological remains from key sites in Ash-Sharqiyah Governorate. Ongoing objectives include developing a methodology for identifying and documenting archaeological dolphin remains and applying these methods to large osteological collections. This is central to the study of dolphin hunting and exploitation strategies, combining zooarchaeological, material culture and environmental data, using ethnographic parallels and experimental approaches. Through the DExPO project, the enigmatic relationship between prehistoric communities and marine mammals is gradually being unravelled, providing insights into their ancient coexistence along the coasts of the Arabian Sea.

As the first undertaking of its kind, Project SIPO has embarked in 2018 on the environmental-archaeological research of a lithic site in Oman in a true mountain ambient – Hayl Ajah (a large sediment-filled depression at 1019 m a.s.l. on an intermontane karst plateau between Al Jabal Al Kawr and Al Jabal Al Ghul; Figs 1 and 2). Because porous karstic limestone – other than more compact rocks – allows the infiltration of precipitation water into the matrix of the rock itself, our project aims to find out, whether during prehistoric periods a degree of water storage inside limestone rock-layers and aeolian surface sediments could have made good for the reduced precipitation in the northern part of Oman compared to the country’s south. Judging from the archaeological finds, the site Hayl Ajah and similar smaller sediment places in the surroundings mountains have been accessed by people during different prehistoric periods (probably since the Middle Palaeolithic, definitely during the Neolithic and Umm an-Nar period). At the present stage we encounter various kinds of small, dispersed water and sediment features in our research area that could have served mobile foragingpastoral groups while roaming the bleak mountain landscape. Indicative of this is the remarkably wide spectrum of mostly non-local raw materials used for the stone artefacts of Hayl Ajah. For some of the lithics encountered at the mountain site, yet no real analogy to lithic traditions in other parts of the Arabian Peninsula can be found. Other stone artefacts, according to first OSL/C14 dates, belong to a time period when aridization was under way (Late Neolithic). From this evidence we infer tentatively that mountainous places in Al Jabal Al Hajar have had significance for prehistoric humans during past dry periods - perhaps as the “roof section” of an environmentally diversified, yet integrated refugium in the Kawr-Akhdar Area encompassing the more open alluvial places at the mountain front (cf. Uerpmann, Uerpmann & Jasim 2000).

The debate on the timing and nature of “Out of Africa” dispersals of multiple waves of the genus Homo has been based on a limited number of securely dated sites; the majority of the Palaeolithic archaeological record for Arabia is represented by undated surface sites. This project aims to contribute to the body of knowledge and debate through targeted field survey for stratified Palaeolithic sites that can be well dated. A multidisciplinary team of geologists, geomorphologists, hydrologists, dating experts and archaeologists has been assembled to specifically target this question. Our first three survey seasons in 2019, 2020 and 2022 gave invaluable insights into the landscape setting of Oman which have fed directly into the later seasons. Preliminary results include a number of surface sites with material typologically linked to the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of Oman, and a small number of stratified sites have been identified and are currently undergoing analysis.

The Fulayj Fort Project focuses on the unique archaeological remains at the site of Fulayj: a small, regularly planned, heavily defended, stone-built fortification constructed sometime between the early 5th to mid-6th century AD during the late pre-Islamic period and its subsequently reoccupation during the first decades following the Islamic conquest of Oman in the 7th century (Figs. 1-2). The fourth season of excavation took place over a six-week period from the 10th of January to the 20th of February 2023. It involved the work of an international team with a maximum of ten participants, including specialists from the UK, Oman, Canada, Greece and the Republic of Georgia. We were pleased to host one trainee from the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism regional office of the North Batinah Governate (Fig. 3). Excavation focused on the eastern side of the fort near to the fort entranceway (Fig. 4) with work in the north-east corner extending our understanding of a series of mudbrick rooms associated with the secondary occupation of the fort in the early Islamic period. Further excavations were opened in the south-east corner, and on the fort exterior across the south-east corner tower.

Suhar was one of the leading ports in the Indian Ocean during the Abbasid period. With Basra and Siraf, it formed a centre of maritime power in the Gulf and Arabia. The historian and traveller Istakhri, who wrote the Kitab Al-Masalik wa Al-Mamalik, and who lived in the 10th century, tells us that Suhar was the biggest and richest town in Oman. He tells us that it is not possible to find a city more rich in buildings and foreign wares than Suhar, and that many merchants live there who trade in ships with other countries. It is known that merchants came to Suhar from China, India and many other places. It is certain that Suhar is the most important location in Oman for the history of the first centuries of Islam. Archaeological research has already been carried out in Suhar, in the 1970s and 1980s, but there is still much more to learn about this important place. In January 2023 a British and Omani archaeological team led by Seth Priestman visited the town to investigate the remaining archaeological evidence (Fig. 1). A short sur-vey of the town revealed important information about its history. New locations came to light and important new finds of imported Chinese ceramic were made. The British and Omani team is hoping to continue work at Suhar so that the full potential of this important site can be developed.

"Seeb is the site of an extensive coastal settlement located in the northern suburbs of Muscat. Previous investigations by Romolo Loreto in 2013 indicate the presence of areas of deep stratigraphy, intact occupation deposits and architectural remains covering most phases of the Islamic period. More recently, documentation by the local community has highlighted the exceptional quality of the finds assemblage, with objects drawn from across the Indian Ocean world, often closely comparable to materials from other key urban centres in the region such as Suhar, Samarra or Siraf. The existence of a large urban centre on the southern Batinah remains to be better integrated into our wider historic reconstruction of the medieval topography of Oman. To address this, a three-week field-walking survey, followed by a week of finds processing, was carried out in January-February 2023. It involved mapping and surface collection to augment our understanding of the size, nature, and diachronic development of the medieval settlement. The work was conceived in partnership with the local community, taking the factor of existing interest as the motivating driver in the plan and design of future research. Public workshops, social media and continuing conversations with residents and other stakeholders form important channels in the pursuit of the project."

Sapienza Archaeological Mission in the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf Area (MASPAG) surveys in the Omani southern Batinah, southwest of Muscat, near the Muslimat oasis, has recently revealed a new hitherto unknown multi-millennial archaeological landscape crossed by the Tropic of Cancer. In this vast area, two enormous cemeteries with hundreds of collective tombs have been identified. The oldest graves typologically and morphologically date from the end of the 4th millennium, but both the cemeteries appear to be associated with long-lasting settlements continuously inhabited up to the Islamic period. The two cemeteries next to a settlement that was fortified in the Iron Age offer the possibility of investigating the social complexity of those mobile groups interposed between south-eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf on a broad spectrum. Powerful coalitions capable of governing large portions of the piedmont territory interposed between the rocky Hajar mountains and the spectacular western coasts of the Arabian Sea, a nomadic and half-nomadic territorial state in the south-eastern frontier of the ancient Near East which Mesopotamian texts identify as the Land of Magan.

The final field season of paleoenvironmental studies for the UmWeltWandel project lasted from 7 January–17 April 2023. It resulted in the collection of further samples of sediment, rock, charcoal, snail, plant, pollen, and water for laboratory analysis in Germany. More than 70 sedimentological sections were investigated in the vicinity of Al Khashbah to study soil and landscape formation processes. Once completed, these studies will provide important insights into climate and vegetation of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Central Oman.

A small, newly discovered Umm an-Nar settlement close to the southern outskirts of the modern city of Ibra was investigated by a team from the University of Frankfurt, Germany between 1 March 2023 and 11 April 2023. The investigation included a detailed surface survey with find collection, as well as small-scale excavations at two of the buildings. The results of the first campaign suggest a well-planned settlement structure with specialized areas for the production or refinement of copper and copper objects. Of particular importance was the discovery of multiple plano-convex copper ingots during the excavations of one of the domestic buildings.

Several locations north of the village of Al Khashbah have yielded Neolithic remains, most likely due to the area’s accessible chert outcrops and elevated fluvial terrace systems overlooking wadi floodplains. KHS-A, the main Neolithic site in the area, is distinguished by extensive flint scatters, isolated stone constructions, and fireplaces. In 2022, the team excavated a preliminary test trench (KHS-A.1) that yielded a high number of lithics and charcoal samples. Radiocarbon dating placed the age of the complex within the Late Neolithic Period. In 2023, further excavations at KHS-A.13 were undertaken with the goal of confirming the age dating of the site and expanding our understanding of the extent and occupational sequence of the KHS-A complex. The trench consisted of a 3 × 4 m exposure revealing multiple fireplaces, ash pits, and post holes. The investigation of the Neolithic occupations at Al Khashbah seeks to open new routes and further perspectives in the study of Early and Middle Holocene in the broad area between the mountains and the Rub Al Khali desert.

Archaeological campaigns led during these last five years on the necropolis of Khor Jarama, located in the Ja’alan area, has brought to light what is probably a new prehistoric culture unknown in Oman. Indeed, the excavation of seven tombs located not far from the Jarama lagoon has enabled the discovery of the first funerary monuments known to date in Oman. These latter have been dated from the middle of the 4th millennium BCE for the oldest ones, that is to say several centuries before the monumental tombs of Hafit period. These tombs are characterized by new architectures as well as by new funerary practices observed in Oman. This discovery fills a void of data observed until now in Oman and located between 3600 and 3200 BCE, that is to say the period of transition between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Hafit period. This discovery highly changes the vision that we had about the first prehistoric societies in Oman: there is probably here, very early at the end of the Neolithic, structured groups, probably hierarchized, and led by members buried in monumental tombs. A new campaign of survey in the Ja’alan area has allowed the discovery of eight others necropolis showing the same architectural characteristics than tombs of Jarama, and thus belonging probably to this period. Current investigations on these necropolis could come to confirm the identification of a new prehistoric period in Oman.

The Bat Archaeological Project conducted its winter field season from December 26, 2022 until March 5, 2023. Our research focused on different areas of the Bat area’s Bronze Age archaeological landscape, including Rakhat Al Madrh, the Khutm Settlement, and the proposed location of the new Bat Visitors Center. At Rakhat Al Madrh, the team excavated three Umm an-Nar period houses. With assistance from a team of geomorphologists and geologists from the Sorbonne University, we also discovered that the houses were located around an ancient marsh/wetland where Umm an-Nar people likely experimented with early agriculture and pastured livestock. This ancient settlement is unlike any other known Early Bronze Age village or town in Arabia because of this environment. At Al Khutm, the team discovered and excavated Umm an-Nar houses and tombs and digitally mapped a very large fortress at the site dating to the Iron Age II. At the proposed location for the new Bat Visitors Center, we excavated and surveyed several mounds, which appear to be tombs that continue from the necropolis across the wadi. With the generous permission of the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, laboratory analyses on geological, C-14, botanical, and ceramic samples collected this season are currently underway.

Agricultural terraces are prominent features in landscapes across the world. Terraces enable the cultivation of steep land for crops including cereals, fruit, vegetables, flowers and trees, and can be irrigated where careful water management is required. They allow the redistribution of sediment to create soils with improved root penetration and water retention. Terraces are highly variable, their regional development reflecting a combination of natural factors (differing geologies, geomorphology, hydrological conditions) and landscape histories (manuring, field management, crop selection, water availability). The histories of terraced landscapes remain poorly understood, including in Oman. Little is known about when they were constructed, and how they were used and developed across different periods and environments. A key reason for this lack of knowledge is that terraces have proven exceptionally difficult to date using conventional or scientific archaeological methods. This research project uses a new method developed by the research team to date terraces in Oman for the first time and use geoarchaeological methods to investigate how they were used in the past. In March 2023, targeted fieldwork in two villages of Jabal Akhdar (Ash Shuraijah and Wadi Bani Habib) allowed collection of sediment samples for dating and geoarchaeological analysis.

In September 2018 the population of the capital area reached 1.4 million. Places such as Al Khod need room for growth. The development of this area during the past 20 years includes the building of the Nizwa road, highway 15, to its north-east Lulu Al Bandar super market and flanking to its west a large housing settlement. There, pre-Islamic hut tombs are scattered over the three low mountains (600m x 300m area). The Ministry of Defence plan to develop the mountains (Fig. 2) as a recreational facility – the ‘Heritage Hill’ project. This report sketches the mapping and excavation (12.01. to 26.01.2023) and documents 140 burial structures, the excavated finds, the clearance of stone from the tomb cluster on the southern mountain, figures of the 3D and drawings of the tomb images. This site, with its hut tombs and niche graves is important to solve the problem of the dating and nomenclature of prehistoric funerary architecture. The author searches for an alternative to the nomenclature ‘cairn’ which describes not the original architecture, but rather an undifferentiated, dishevelled state of preservation.

The geoarchaeological investigation around the Bisya and Salut Archaeological Park disclosed the complexity of local archaeological landscape dating to the last millennia of the Holocene and the main steps in developing sophisticated systems for land exploitation. Recent fieldwork focused on the importance of rock art in the region, which needs to be systematically surveyed and documented. Rock art sites feature various representations dating from the second millennium BCE onwards and the research carried out in 2022 aimed to assess its archaeological potential, as well as identify any threats to its preservation. The investigation confirms that local rock art is a valuable asset for Oman’s archaeology and potential tourism. It suggests the development of geo-cultural tourism routes that combine archaeological sites and rock art with the natural landscapes. Nonetheless, the preservation of rock art and the issues threatening it need careful consideration and assessment for future planning.

تُركز هذه الدراسة على رصد طبيعة وأنماط الملابس في ليبيا خلال القرون الألبسة في طرابلس وبرقة وفزان خلال القرون 5-11م/1-5هـ، وهو موضوع أهتم من خلاله بتوثيق التطور التاريخي لمراحل وأشكال الملابس المحلية، كالعباءات الرجالية والأردية النسائية والسراويل والطاقيات والصنادل. ومن الجيد رصد نوعية الملابس التي ارتداها سكان البلاد الليبية، إذ يُساعد هذا المنهج التسلسلي على تحديد التحولات التي طرأت على الملابس الليبية مع مرور الزمن. وتسعى الدراسة البحثية إلى التحقق من ماهية قطع الملابس المعنية بناءً على شهادات المصادر النصية أو الأدلة الأثرية، مع التمييز ما بين الملابس المنتجة محلياً وتلك المتأثرة منها بالثقافات الخارجية. خصوصاً وأن الملابس الطرابلسية الفاخرة بدأت بعد الإسلام تكتسب شهرة، وبعضها يأتي من جبل نفوسه، كما برزت منسوجات برقة الصوفية عالية الجودة، المنسوجة من صوف سلالة الخِراف البرقاوية الممتازة. This study focuses on documenting the nature and patterns of clothing in Libya between the 5th and 11th centuries CE (5th century AH). The research aims to trace the historical development of local garments, such as men’s cloaks, women’s robes, trousers, caps, and sandals. Examining the types of clothing worn by Libyans during this period is valuable, as this sequential approach helps identify transformations in Libyan attire over time. The study seeks to determine the characteristics of these garments based on textual sources and archaeological evidence, distinguishing between locally produced clothing and those influenced by external cultures. Notably, luxurious Tripolitanian garments gained prominence after the advent of Islam, some of which originated in the Nafusa Mountains. Additionally, high-quality woolen textiles from Barqa, woven from the fine wool of Barqawi sheep, became widely recognized.

This panel brings together scholars and specialists to explore an Arabic and Berber (Amazigh) manuscript tradition, with a focus on codicology and cataloguing. It examines how these texts were created, circulated, and preserved, offering a glimpse into the morphological and paleographical strategies that allow us to learn about northwest Africa’s literary heritage. The panelists will collectively consider how we define the fields of Arabic and Amazigh manuscript studies through an interdisciplinary approach, challenging traditional binaries and exploring how Arab and Berber communities engaged with shared material practices over the centuries. Through this discussion, the panel aspires to generate new frameworks for understanding the historical and cultural significance and legacy of these sources.

"Le patrimoine culturel de la région de Jerba et de Zarzis, est d'une richesse exceptionnelle, à la fois en termes d'architecture, d'artisanat, et de traditions vivantes. Cependant, une grande partie de cette histoire est restée méconnue ou sous-documentée, souvent à cause de l'absence de sources visuelles systématiques et de l'évolution rapide des paysages et des structures archéologiques au fil du temps. C'est dans ce contexte que les collections photographiques du Musée du Bardo, notamment les négatifs en plaques de verre conservés dans ses archives, jouent un rôle clé. Ces images historiques constituent non seulement un témoignage précieux de l'état du patrimoine tunisien à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, mais aussi une source indispensable pour la compréhension et la préservation de ces sites aujourd'hui. Il s’agit d’un témoignage visuel unique qui capture l'architecture, les monuments et les scènes de la vie quotidienne dans la région de Jerba et Zarzis, avant que la modernisation ne modifie profondément ces espaces. En effet, ces images offrent une vue directe sur des éléments patrimoniaux aujourd'hui disparus ou altérés. En présentant ces photographies, cette étude permettra de mettre en lumière des aspects du patrimoine matériel et immatériel de cette régions, notamment les vestiges de la période antique à travers les fouilles, des artefacts comme la mosaïque, la sculpture ainsi que les mosquées et les pratiques artisanales spécifiques à ces lieux. Par ailleurs, ce travail de recherche propose une réflexion sur l’importance de la numérisation et de la gestion des archives photographiques dans la sauvegarde du patrimoine. Elle ouvre aussi la voie à de nouvelles recherches interdisciplinaires, combinant archéologie, histoire, et études visuelles, afin d'approfondir notre compréhension du patrimoine de Jerba et de Zarzis. Enfin, elle souligne la nécessité de rendre ces ressources accessibles à un large public, qu'il s'agisse de chercheurs, de touristes ou des habitants de cette régions eux-mêmes."

"Plusieurs, sont les hommes d’origine djerbienne, qui ont marqué, la scène nationale, mais ceux qui ont animé les devants de la scène internationale, sont rares. Parmi ces rares hommes on cite feu Béchir Ben Yahmed, qui pendant plus de soixante années a pu animer la presse internationale et tisser des « réseaux invisibles » d’influence politique sur tout le continent africain et dans le Monde arabe. Né en 1928 à Djerba, Béchir Ben Yahmed aurait dû être épicier, comme son père, mais grâce à ses qualités multiples : une intelligence exceptionnelle, son ouverture, son réalisme et sa vocation pour le savoir et surtout son art d’écouter l’autre … etc., il a pu acquérir une place dans la cour des Grands. En effet, il a été un acteur majeur de l’indépendance tunisienne, le confident et le bras droit de Habib Bourguiba lors des négociations sur l’autonomie interne à Paris (de 1954 à 1955) puis sur l’indépendance totale en 1956, puis son jeune ministre de l’Information (à 28 ans). Il aurait pu ne faire que de la politique et viser haut, mais sa conviction que la liberté de la presse soit le véhicule de la liberté d’opinion et par-delà de la liberté de penser, l’a poussé à démissionner du gouvernement tunisien pour lancer son propre journal ’’Afrique Action’’ à Tunis (le 17 octobre 1960) et ‘‘Jeune Afrique’’ à Rome (le 21 novembre 1961 puis à Paris à partir de 1965), où dans ses articles parricides, il fulminait contre le gouvernement personnel de Bourguiba et son parti unique au pouvoir, le Néo- Destour. BBY entendait, bien que présent à la cour, il n’était pas là pour courtiser, ni pour faire de la figuration. L’important pour lui est de participer, mais il est tout aussi essentiel de prendre part à « l’action » et de ne pas taire ses pensées. Patron de presse à Paris avec son magazine ‘‘Jeune Afrique’’ destiné pour tout un continent à peine sorti des nuits coloniales, il savait que cela a un prix, soit l’ambition pour un si noble dessein de vie, ou bien la soumission totale aux régimes mis en place en Afrique et dans les pays arabes au lendemain des indépendances nationales. À travers ses mémoires posthumes intitulés « J’assume », ses éditoriaux, ses entretiens durant près de soixante années de presse avec les leaders et les chefs d’états africains et asiatiques : Habib Bourguiba, Mohamed Masmoudi, Ben Ali, Mohamed V, Hassen II, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Abdou Dhouif, Ahmed Ben Balla, Haouari Bou Mediane, Abdelaziz Boutaflika, Ahmed Ben Salah, Ho Chi Minh, Laurent Gbagbo … etc., ainsi que les témoignages de ceux qui l’ont côtoyés et collaboré avec lui : Abdelaziz Dahmani, Ridha Kéfi, Souhir Belhassen, François Soudan, Paul Balta…, nous envisagerons retracer le parcours de ce « militant » politique et précurseur de l’information dans tout le Tiers Monde. Par la suite, nous essayons de répondre à une question pertinente qui ne cesse de se poser : comment ce journaliste Djerbien a pu transformer le siège de son magazine ‘‘Jeune Afrique’’ (sis à 57 bis, rue d’Auteuil 75016 Paris) en « un réseau d’influence politique », non seulement en Tunisie, mais aussi dans les pays arabes et le Monde afro- asiatique francophone et établir des relations étroites avec leurs rois et chefs d’états, ainsi qu’avec leurs opposants et contribuer parfois à faire tomber certains régimes? De même pour les chefs d’états français : Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, François Mitterrand et surtout Jacques Chirac…, avec lesquels il a eu des entretiens et des relations amicales. Enfin, à travers une analyse profonde des éditoriaux de ce pionnier de la presse libre : « Ce que je crois », nous tentons de saisir ses points de vue sur les principales questions d’ordre national, maghrébin, africain et arabo- musulman, notamment sur la cause palestinienne et voir à tel point ses écrits étaient réalistes et bien fondés. Dans ce sens et dans un de ses articles intitulé ‘‘ L’impossible Etat palestinien ’’ (l’éditorial de Jeune Afrique du 24 octobre 2014), BBY avait écrit à l’encre vive : « … Il faudra bien, à un moment, procéder à cette reconnaissance », mais en connaissance des rouages politiques en Occident, il était persuadé que la reconnaissance de l’Etat palestinien était « impossible !»."