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This article reflects on aspects of the ecclesiastical landscape in southern Byzacena and western Tripolitania. The aim is to highlight the conditions of creation and the process of evolution of the ecclesiastical landscape in a territory with a particular geographical identity. In this context, the approach is based on three clearly defined conditions: first, the factors favourable to the appearance and then the development of Christianity in this space; secondly that its main episcopal seats were divided into three essential sets –the bishoprics of the ecclesiastical district called by late sources Arzugitana,the seats of the Gafsa region, and those of the coastal plains of Aradh and Jfara; finally, the particularities of the ecclesiastical landscape with its imprecise boundaries between ecclesiastical and administrative subdivisions and the low representation of Tripolitania in African councils and religious tolerance., ومن الذئاب يتكاثر قطيع الحملان الخصيب. المشهد الكنسي لجنوب بيزاسينا.محمد اللافييقدم هذا المقال ملاحظات عن جوانب المشهد الكنسي في جنوب بيزاسينا و غرب إقليم تريبوليتانيا. ويفحص الوثائق الكنسية بما في ذلك وقائع مؤتمرات قرطاج التي عقدت في 411 و 419، وقصص القديس أوغسطين وفيكتور دي فيتا والبيانات من وثيقة نوتيتسيا (Notitia) 484 . نحن نهدف هنا إلى تسليط الضوء على ظروف تكون وعملية تطور المشهد الكنسي في منطقة ذات هوية جغرافية معينة. حيث تطل على غرب إقليم تريبوليتانيا وجنوب بيزاسينا. وفي هذا السياق، اتبعنا منهجاً يقوم على ثلاثة محاور محددة بوضوح. أولاً، العوامل المواتية لظهور المسيحية ثم تطورها في هذا الفضاء. ثم تم تقسيمها إلى ثلاث مجموعات أساسية. من ناحية، أساقفة المنطقة الكنسية التي تسمى حسب المصادر المتأخرة أرزوجيتانا. ومن جهة أخرى مقاعد منطقة قفصة ومقاعد السهول الساحلية عرادة و الجفارة. أخيراً يتم التركيز على مشكلتين مرتبطتين بالمشهد الكنسي في جنوب بيزاسينا. تتعلق بعدم دقة حدود التقسيمات الكنسية في بيزاسينا و إقليم تريبوليتانيا وانخفاض تمثيل تريبوليتانيا في المجالس الأفريقية.
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Djerba Island, which had been a refuge for famous pirates since the second half of the 16th century, had an important position for the Mediterranean. Especially when Turgut Pasha, the Beylerbeyi of Tripolitania, took Djerba Island under his control, the Christian world's interest in the island increased. The Crusader troops formed to capture Djerba managed to capture the island and built a castle on the island despite the disagreement between the commanders, bad weather conditions, epidemics and deserters. Upon this news, the Ottoman navy under the command of Piyale Pasha moved towards the island of Djerba. The Ottoman fleet, which was outnumbered, defeated the Crusader fleet off the coast of Djerba. While some of the Crusaders fled, some of them took refuge in the castle of Djerba. The Crusaders were besieged by sea and land for two months. The Ottoman navy forced the Crusaders to surrender by attacking the wells in the castle. In return for the surrender of the Crusaders, their lives were spared and the island of Djerba was annexed to Tripolitania under the Ottoman Empire. This study focuses on the conquest of Djerba by the Ottoman navy, which was an important centre of refuge for Turkish pirates and the domination of the Central Mediterranean.
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This paper revisits the history of Christianity in the country of ‘Castîliya’, subsequently called the Djerid region located in the southwest of Tunisia, to re-evaluate and add to the large body of documentation that appeared almost a century ago. Excavations carried out by INP researchers in this region located on the limes of Roman Africa have added new data. The information provided either by written sources, notably Christian sources, or by archaeological excavations, suggests that the region of Djerid was Christianized from the fifth century. Indeed, the four main oases (Tusuros, Nepte, Thiges and Aquae) are all bishoprics belonging to the ecclesiastical province of Byzacene and their bishops, converted either to the Donatist or Catholic schism, are almost always present in the provincial gatherings of the church of Africa, usually held in Carthage. Finally, this research tries to answer the following question, what is the fate of the last indigenous Christian communities of Djerid after the Arab-Muslim invasion?, تاريخ المسيحية ببلاد الجريد (جنوب غرب البلاد التونسية)يبدو من المشروع أن نخصص مرة أخرى بحثا في تاريخ المسيحية في بلاد ”قصطيلية“ التي سميت فيما بعد بلاد الجريد الواقعة في الجنوب الغربي لتونس، وذلك على الرغم من الكم الكبير من البحوث التي ظهرت منذ قرن تقريبا. ومن جهة اخرى يمكن القول أن هذا الموضوع لم يستنفد بعد كل هذه الجوانب ولم يستفد بعد من المعطيات الجديدة المكتسبة ميدانيا، ولا سيما نتائج الحفريات الاثرية التي قام بها باحثون من المعهد الوطني للتراث للتنقيب في هذه المنطقة الواقعة على حدود افريقيا الرومانية. إذا قبلنا بالمعطيات المقدمة إما من المصادر المكتوبة، لا سيما المصادر المسيحية، أو من الحفريات الأثرية فإن منطقة الجريد تبدو قد شملها الدين المسيحي بقوة منذ القرن الخامس . في الحقيقة، فإن الواحات الأربع الرئيسية لبلاد الجريد (توزوروس، نبتي، ثيجاس وأكواي ) لديها أساقفة ينتمون اما للكنيسة الدوناتية او للكنيسة الكاثوليكية و نجدهم يتواجدون تقريبا في التجمعات الاقليمية للكنيسة التي تعقد تقريبا عادة في مدينة قرطاج . وأخيرا يحاول هذا البحث الإجابة على السؤال التالي، ما هو مصير آخر التجمعات المسيحية بعد الغزو العربي الاسلامي لبلاد الجريد؟
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Marine shells containing greenish or blackish pigments are frequently found at pre-Islamic archaeological sites in Southeast Arabia and are generally interpreted as ancient eye makeup, representing a long-standing tradition that continues to the present day. While these ‘cosmetic’ shells are primarily found in funerary contexts, their presence in residential areas suggests broader use within the community. Although relatively abundant, these shells have undergone limited chemical and mineralogical analysis, hindering a deeper understanding of their composition and production. This study presents the first archaeometric results from six marine shells excavated at Bronze and Iron Age sites in the Salūt and Bisya oasis (Sultanate of Oman). Chemical analyses reveal copper- and manganese-bearing minerals as the primary components of the greenish and blackish pigments, respectively. The presence of these minerals near the Salūt oasis suggests local pigment sources. This study represents the first step in a broader analytical programme aimed at the characterisation of samples from other archaeological sites of Southeast Arabia spanning over a wider chronological time frame.
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هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل المقدمات التاريخية لمعركة النهروان 38هـ/ 658م، وتداعياتها على البنية السياسية والفكرية للمجتمع الإسلامي المبكر؛ مع تقديم قراءة جديدة تعتمد إلى مصادر متنوعة، بما فيها المصادر الإباضية التي أُهمِلَت في دراسات سابقة. تكمُن أهمية هذه الدراسة في الكشف عن جذور النزاعات السياسية والفكرية التي شَهِدَها الإسلام المبكر، وانعكاساتها على تشكيل المفاهيم المتعلقة بالشرعية السياسية وطاعة الحاكم، فضلًا عن فهمِ تداعياتها على الواقع العربي والإسلامي المعاصر، كونِها تُسَلِّطُ الضوء على واحدة من أكثر المراحل تعقيدًا وحسَّاسيَّةً في التاريخ الإسلامي. فمن خلال دراسة معركة النَّهروان؛ يمكن فهمُ الجذور الأولى للنزاعات السياسية والفكرية التي ظهرت في الإسلام المبكر، ومدى تأثيرها في ظهور ما عُرِفَ "الفِرَق الإسلامية" اعتمدت هذه الدراسة المنهجَ التاريخي التحليلي، من خلال تتبُّع الروايات التاريخية ومقارنتها نقديًّا؛ مع التركيز على تجاوز التَّحيُّز الأيديولوجي ودمج وجهات نظر المصادر المختلفة. ومن أبرز ما توصلت إليه هذه الدراسة من نتائج أنَّ معركة النَّهروان مثَّلت تحوًّلًا جوهريًّا في علاقة السُّلطة بالمعارضة، وأسهمت في ترسيخ الانقسامات الفكرية والسياسية، وأكدت ضرورة الاعتماد إلى مصادر متعددة لتقديم رُؤية شاملة للأحداث.الكلمات المفتاحية: النَّهروان؛ صِفِّين؛ السُّنَّة؛ الشِّيعة؛ الإباضية.
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Studies on post-slavery in East Africa often concentrate on the aftermath of slavery for the formerly enslaved. By contrast, former owners’ experiences after abolition and during emancipation are rarely explored. This article examines the trajectories of Omani Arabs in western Tanzania during and after the end of slavery, ca. 1910 to the late twentieth century. Having settled and built slavelabour plantations along the central caravan route in the nineteenth century, they relocated to rural areas between the 1920s and 1930s following the legal abolition of slavery and great economic depression. To tell their story in postslavery Tanzania, we drew examples from primary sources deposited in the archives of Tanzania and the United Kingdom, and oral interviews collected from the many villages in rural western Tanzania where the Omanis’ descendants now live. We show that the history of the Omani Arabs and their identity in twentieth-century western Tanzania was shaped by economic dispossession and uncertainty about citizenship, but also by evolving cultural identities and sustained social networking.
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Rahmah bin Jabir (c. 1760-1826) is one of the most frequently mentioned persons in British sources from the Gulf in the first decades of the nineteenth century. He is also found throughout important Arabic-language chronicles. Despite his prominence in the sources, however, scholars have paid him relatively little attention, in either English or in Arabic. Though often cast as a pirate, this article argues that Rahmah bin Jabir was a political entrepreneur critical to shaping the international order of the Gulf in the first half of the nineteenth century. Reading against the grain of the colonial archive and synthesizing British sources with Arab chronicles, this article brings to life a textured political imaginary of the Gulf in the global age of revolutions, using Rahmah to weave overlapping political agendas between different emerging states, including the Omanis, the Saudi-Wahhabis, the Bahrainis, the Qataris, and the British. I suggest that Rahmah stands as one figure through whom historians can continue piecing together an age of revolutions in the Gulf that is more than Europe’s emergence into modernity, one that highlights a complex and vibrant history of negotiation, endurance, and resiliency.
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من اللغات التي تتميّز بنظام تركيبيٍّ نحويٍّ، وصرفيٍّ، وصوتيٍّ -فريدٍ- هي اللغة العربية، فإنها أجزل لغات العالم لفظاً، وأمكنِها مقدرةً على استيعاب المفردات، ولكلماتها وألفاظها دلالاتٌ مختلفات، ومعلومٌ أنّ اللغة فنٌّ لا يولد مع الإنسان إلا بعد المخالطة، والدراسة، وطول النظر، والعكوف على مصادرها - بحثاً وتقصّياً- للوقوف على بدائعها وأسرارها، وممن لَمَعَ نجمه، وبَانَ أُفقُه -امتداداً على طول الزمن- عالمٌ عاش في القرن الخامس الهجري عرف بـ "العوتبيّ" و"الصحاري"، إذ ترك لنا كتاباً في أربعة أجزاء أسماه: "الإبانة"، في بيان كثير من معاني اللغة، ومضمّناً إياه كثيراً من مسائل النحو والصرف والبلاغة والمعاني، جاء هذا البحث متناولاً بيانَ مكانة هذا العالم الكبير الذي غفلت عنه الدراسات، ثم بعضاً من أهم المسائل النحوية والصرفية الواردة في كتابه "الإبانة"، واستخراج هذا الكنز المتناثر بين طيّاته، وتناولها بالشرح والتفصيل ليستفيد منها الباحثون، على الرغم من ان هذا الكتاب مُعجَميٌّ؛ إلا أنّ هذه المسائل قد أخذت نصيبها منه عنده في الكتاب، جاء البحث في مبحثين: الأول تعريف بالعوتبيِّ وشيء من ترجمته، ثم تعريفاً بكتابه "الإبانة"، مع بيان محتواه وموضوعه، وأبرز ملامح منهجه فيه ، وجاء المبحث الثاني: باحثاً بعضاً من أهم المسائل النحوية والصرفية الواردة فيه، فأصحبت المسائل: أربعة نحويّات، وثلاثةٍ صرفيات، ثم خاتمة، مع أبرز النتائج.
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