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يتناول المقال جماليّة القبح والعهر في رواية التّقارير السريّة لدولة الزّعيم للرّوائيّ التونسيّ منّوبي زيّود. وهي رواية حديثة تعالج قضايا السّياسة والمجتمع وتستخدم معجم العُهر والقُبح، إذْ وجدنا السّارد يستعرض عالم المرأة العاهرة، وينبش في عالم السّياسيّ المشوّه، كما ينغُر في الأجساد المحرّفة تحريفا هزليّا ساخرا، مُستجليا سيمياء الألوان بين همس وفضح، ويحرِص على تصوير شخوص الرّواية بعناية مركِّزا على طابعها الوحشيّ. ولا أدلّ على أهميّة العهر والقبح ثيمة الرّواية الأبرز من انفتاحها على مقطع يكرِّس صورة الوسخ مكانا وشخوصا فمدينة العُهر أسلمت روحها لرهط من اللّصوص الجدد، تجلّى في عهر شخوصها وأمكنتها، وزمانها. بموازاة عُهر الشخصيّات وقبحها، اقترن العهر والقبح كذلك سيميائيّا بالسّواد، سوادٌ حالك يطبع غلاف الرّواية ولا تقطعه غير صحائف بالية تشهد على الماضي وتدوّن بحبر أحمر تقارير سريّة، وهو ما يفضح منذ البدء عن عالم الرّواية التّخيليّ وتماسّه مع المرجعيّ والمعيش.
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Understanding intimacy within a habitat is crucial to deciphering its human and social dynamics. Human habitation's conceptual and poetic content inspires both the creation and philosophical thinking of societies. Heidegger connected art, space, and architecture of human habitation by responding to the aspirations of their inhabitants. In this sense, private life constitutes a boundary between private and public family life. In Islamic architecture, this sustainable concept is intergenerational, translating sensory experiences into spatial design. We aim to quantify this concept by comparing Islamic and modern architecture. By integrating ophthalmology calculations, those of J. Panero and M. Zelnik, and the interpersonal communication thresholds of Hall and Moore, we calculated the dynamics of spatial and superficial intimacy based on gender. Differences have been observed between Mozabite Islamic architecture in Algeria, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and modern architecture. According to Shannon and Weaver, the information is coded messages and measurable quantities. The internalization or exteriorization of intimacy is essential to understand its vernacular or modern typology. The resonance of gender frequencies undoubtedly forms the basis of a relatively effective strategy for protecting privacy within human habitats. This approach facilitated the development of a sensory imprint for the opulent vernacular Islamic habitat of M'Zab.
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Microplastics (MPs), resulting from the degradation of plastic waste, were investigated on eight beaches on the Island of Djerba, located in the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. The study included 96 sediment samples collected in the summer of 2021 from four beach zones (dune, upper beach, coastline, and lower tidal line). The MPs were obtained using the NaCl density separation method and quantified through microscopic observation. MPs were classified based on shape, size, and dominant color. In addition, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR) was used to identify the polymer composition of representative MPs. The results revealed microplastic concentrations ranging from 23 particles/kg at Gallela Beach to 126.67 particles/kg at Yati 2 Beach, with the highest accumulation found in the dune zone (65%) compared to the other zones. The samples were dominated by fragmented and fibrous MPs, with blue, red, and black being the most abundant colors. Polymer analysis revealed that polyethylene (PE) was the most abundant polymer, followed by polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). This study highlights significant spatial variability in the distribution of the microplastic on Djerba beaches, influenced by tourism, fishing, and urban runoff. These findings underline the urgent need for sustainable waste management to reduce microplastic pollution of the Island of Djerba and in Zarzis.
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Origanum majorana L. is an aromatic plant from the Lamiaceae family, considered as one of the popular plants in Tunisia since it was known to have many biological potentials and frequently grown in gardens as a condiment plant. The aim of this work is to explore the chemical composition, the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anticoagulant and insecticidal activities of the flowering aerial parts extracts and the essential oil (EO) of this plant. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC/MS. Polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were quantified from three organic extracts. The antimicrobial activities were assessed against 8 bacteria; 4 Gram negative and 4 Gram positive ones; and 4 fungal strains. The biofilm inhibition was determined in vitro by the micro dilution method against 3 bacteria. Prothrombin time (PT) and kaolin clotting time (KCT) tests were employed to investigate the anticoagulation potential for the first time. The repellent activities of the organic extracts and the fumigant activity of the EO were studied. The flowering aerial parts EO is rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (54.38%) especially in terpinen-4-ol. For the antimicrobial activities, the tested oil displayed moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity (MIC = 1.5 mg/mL), and showed a good antibiofilm activity against the tested bacteria with inhibition values greater than 51 ± 1.04% at MIC dose. Furthermore, it has anticoagulant activities with a prothrombin time of 37.3 ± 0.36 s and KCT of 48.1 ± 0.26 s at a concentration of 15 mg/mL, as well as fumigants activities against Tribolium castaneum. Polyphenols and tannins contents were found to be the highest in ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts. The two extracts showed interesting antibacterial and antifungal activity with values of MIC ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL, and from 2.5 to 20 mg/mL, respectively. Also, they present a strong antibiofilm activity at different MICs. Ethyl acetate extract has an interesting anticoagulant activity at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL with 52.18 ± 0.49 s for KCT. Ethanolic extract is a promising anticoagulant agent (16.9 ± 0.02 s for PT and 45.72 ± 0.24 s for KCT at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL). Only Petroleum ether extract has repellent activities (62.5 ± 8.5%) against an insect pest tested. The aerial parts of Origanum majorana could be considered as new source of anticoagulant, antibiofilm, antibacterial, antifungal and insecticide molecules for pharmaceuticals and pest purposes. However, further research must be undertaken to identify the active molecules responsible for these biological activities.
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الملخص: فرقة الخوارج من الفرق التي ظهرت منذ زمن بعيد ولا تزال افكارها موجود في زمننا هذا فالخوارج من أشد الفرق الإسلامية تمسكاً بمذهبها الذي تعتقده وتدعو إليه، وتحاول تطبيقه بالقوة، مستخدمة القتل والفتك بالأنفس المحرمة إذا اقتضى الحال؛ فهي فرقة كبيرة من الفرق الاعتقادية، وتمثل حركة ثورية عنيفة في تاريخ الإسلام السياسي، وقد شغلت الدولة الإسلامية فترة طويلة من الزمن؛ حيث بسطوا نفوذهم السياسي على بقاع واسعة من الدولة الإسلامية في المشرق وفي المغرب العربي، ولا يخفى أن بعض أفكار الخوارج المتعلقة بتكفير العصاة لا يزال لها أتباع يمثلون تنطع الخوارج وتشددهم في وقتنا الحاضر؛ مما يستدعي عرض ودراسة هذه الفرقة، وما أنتجت من آراء وأفكار، وبيان ما جناه أتباعها على الإسلام والمسلمين، كما أن من أسباب اختياري لهذا الموضوع هو معرفة الطبيعة السياسية والعسكرية لهذه الحركة المعارضة والتعرف على الدور السياسي الذي لعبته الحركة الخارجية خلال هذه المرحلة من التاريخ الإسلامي؛ ولهذا كان اختياري لهذا البحث الجانب السياسي وأثره في نشأة الخوارج وفرقها، وقد استخدمت في هذا البحث المنهج التحليلي القائم على تحليل محتويات النصوص واستخراج المعنى منها، وإبرازه في صـورة مبسطة، وصياغتها بصيغة موضوعية، وقد اشتمل البحث على مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، ثم خاتمة، وفهرس للمصادر والمراجع. Abstract: The Kharijites, one of the earliest Islamic sects, continue to hold relevance in contemporary times. They are characterized by their unwavering adherence to their beliefs, their willingness to enforce them through violence, and their designation of those who deviate from their doctrine as apostates. As a significant ideological group and a revolutionary movement in Islamic political history, the Kharijites held sway over the Islamic state for an extended period. Their political influence extended across vast regions of the Islamic empire, both in the East and the Maghreb. It is undeniable that some of their ideas regarding the excommunication of sinners still resonate with modern-day extremists, embodying the Kharijites' extremism and rigidity. This necessitates a thorough examination of this sect, its doctrines, and the detrimental consequences of its actions for Islam and Muslims. My motivation for delving into this topic stems from a desire to understand the political and military nature of this oppositional movement and its role in shaping Islamic history during this crucial era. Consequently, I have chosen to focus on the political aspects and their impact on the emergence of the Kharijites and their various sects. The research methodology employed in this study is analytical, involving the analysis of textual content to extract and present its essence clearly and concisely, adhering to an objective tone. The study is structured as follows: an introduction, a preface, three chapters, a conclusion, and an index.
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مازالت المرأة في منطقة قلالة بجزيرة جربة تصر على ارتداء اللباس التقليدي المستوحى أساسا من الموروث الامازيغي والمعروفبالمناشف أو الحولي. هو لباس يومي
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تعالج هذه الورقة البحثية التدوين التاريخي عند فرقة الإباضية ببلاد المغرب بعد سقوط الدولة الرستمية بتهرت وتفرق أهلها بين أقاليمه، رغم ذلك عملوا على تثبيت فكرهم وعقائدهم وتاريخهم وتدوينه، في محاولة منهم لعدم اندثاره، وكان اهتمام مفكريهم وفقهائهم الكبير بتاريخ مذهبهم وأخبار دعاتهم الأوائل، وأئم رائمة دولتهم المندثرة، وسير علمائهم، وبناء على ذلك سنحاول رصد الفكر التاريخي الإباضي عن طريق التعريف بأهم أعلامه والموضوعات التي كتبوا فيها والمصادر والموارد التي اعتمدوا عليها في مؤلفاتهم، والمناهج التي اتبعوها في ذلك. ومن النتائج المتوصل إليها أن جل مؤلفاتهم قد تميزت بالمذهبية، فقد اعتنت بتدوين تاريخ الاباضية دون غيرها، وترجمت لأعلام المجتمع الإباضي من الفقهاء والمحدثين والعلماء وانتقدت الحركات المناوئة والمخالفة لمذهبهم. وسلكوا في ذلك عدة مناهج متميزة عن سابقيهم أو المعاصرين لهم من المؤرخين المسلمين في توجهاتهم وميولاتهم وطرق نقلهم وأسلوبهم وعرضهم للمادة التاريخية في مصنفاتهم.
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La série « Réunion » des Archives nationales d’outre-mer conserve plusieurs lettres en arabe issues des correspondances entre les Français et les souverains musulmans d’Afrique de l’Est. L’une d’elles, écrite en 1819, est traduite en français et éditée pour la première fois. Son étude apporte un éclairage crucial sur la nature des relations entre Swahili, Omanais et Français au début du xixe siècle. Elle fait apparaître l’importance des réseaux négriers pour la diplomatie française et leur persistance après l’abolition officielle de la traite. Elle permet également de comprendre comment le sultanat de Kilwa tente de se défaire de la mainmise omanaise. De plus, elle montre l’importance de l’emploi de la langue arabe pour les correspondances diplomatiques dans l’océan Indien. La lettre de mfalme Sulaymān b. Ḥasan à Louis XVIII vise en effet à sceller une alliance entre la France et le sultanat de Kilwa contre les Omanais installés à Zanzibar, grâce aux bons offices d’un arabisant et d’un négrier. L’étude de ce document comprend une reproduction et une analyse de la lettre et de son enveloppe, une retranscription, une traduction et une analyse permettant de comprendre le contexte (acteurs, situation politique) et de dégager ses apports quant à la connaissance des stratégies de résistance des souverains swahili face à l’expansionnisme omanais en Afrique de l’Est.
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