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Araştırmanın amacı İbâzî tefsir geleneğinde ahkâm âyetlerinin nasıl yorumlandığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç için incelenilen tefsir Muhammed b. Yûsuf Ettafeyyiş'in son tefsir eseri olan Teysîrü't-Tefsîr'dir. Nitekim Ettafeyyiş mezhebi içerisinde "Kutb" lakabı ile anılan tefsir ve fıkıh ilimleri başta olmak üzere diğer İslâmî ilimlerde de yetkinlik sahibi olan bir müfessirdir. Ettafeyyiş'in de eserinde vurguladığı gibi İbâzıyye mezhebi, Hanefî mezhebi ile ahkâma ait birçok konuda ittifak halindedir. Bunun yanı sıra Şâfîî ve Mâlikî mezhebi ile de birçok meselede ittifakı bulunan Ettafeyyiş eserinde bu benzerlikleri ifade ederken mezhepler ile ihtilaf halinde olduğu konuları da belirtmekten çekinmemiştir. Özellikle Zâhirî mezhebi ile olan ihtilafları, Ettafeyyiş'in ve mezhebinin âyetleri literal okumaktan uzak olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır. İbâzıyye mezhebinin neşet ettiği Hâricî mezhebi ile bir görüş birliği içerisinde olmaması gerek Ettafeyyiş'in gerek İbâzıyye'nin, Hâricîler gibi nasları yorumlamada sert bir tutuma sahip olmadıklarının göstergesidir. Her ne kadar İbâzıyye, Hâricî fırkaları arasından günümüze ulaşan tek zümre olsa da İbâzîler dinin ahkâmı karşısında literal tavırdan uzak durmuş, mutedil bir tutum benimsemiştir. Ettafeyyiş'in sünnî mezhepler ile ittifak ettiği meseleler doğrultusunda İbâzıyye mezhebinin ahkâm konusunda Hâricîlerden ziyade sünnî mezhepler ile olan benzerliğinin daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Entre le IIe/VIIIe et le VIIe/XIIIe siècle, l’ibadisme maghrébin a connu une série de dissidences internes qui ont marqué son évolution politique, juridique et théologique. Cette thèse se propose d’en retracer l’histoire, tout en défendant l’idée que ces mouvements contestataires ne doivent pas être perçus comme de simples incidents marginaux, mais comme des acteurs à part entière du développement doctrinal de l’ibadisme. À travers l’analyse croisée de sources historiques, juridiques et théologiques, nous montrons que les mouvements contestataires ibadites ne furent pas de simples ruptures conjoncturelles, mais des facteurs structurants dans l’évolution de la pensée du groupe. Ces mouvements, parfois éphémères, ont contribué à redéfinir les équilibres entre pouvoir central et autonomie locale, tout en nourrissant des débats doctrinaux majeurs sur l’imamat, la nature du pouvoir, les conditions de sa légitimation, la responsabilité religieuse, ou encore la validité de certaines pratiques rituelles. Ces dissidences ont ainsi joué un rôle dans la formalisation progressive des normes de l’orthodoxie ibadite. Nous postulons que c’est dans la confrontation avec ces courants dissidents que s’est élaborée, progressivement, une orthodoxie ibadite maghrébine construite par l’exclusion, la marginalisation ou l’assimilation partielle des mouvements concurrents. En ce sens, l’étude des conflits internes offre un accès privilégié aux mécanismes de construction doctrinale et à la fabrique de la mémoire communautaire, éclairant la manière dont une tradition religieuse gère sa propre pluralité pour assurer sa cohésion, préserver sa légitimité et transmettre une mémoire collective structurante, garante de son identité sur le long terme.

The scope of this study is to provide a preliminary analysis of the potential production activity undertaken in Malta during the Arab period. The study aims to collate and analyse the available evidence for the period, such as archaeological, historical, geological, and environmental data, and provide an informed picture of the production activity, including such topics as land-use potential and strategies, economic production, and possible practices of adaptive risk management. The research emphasises the importance of the landscape and environmental context, with Geographic Information System (GIS) tools employed to map and analyse site-level agricultural potential, hydrological resources, and proximity to productive landscapes. Thanks to pottery finds, sites of activity or occupation were identified. These sites include one urban site, two coastal sites, and three rural sites. All sites have access to agriculturally suitable land, but to varying degrees, with the sites in the west and north of the island having the greatest potential within a 1 km radius. All sites are also in the vicinity of hydrological resources. While small-scale irrigation or rainwater harvesting methods may have been used, the absence of large-scale irrigation infrastructure suggests limited necessity for such costly undertakings, possibly due to the population size and varied microenvironments that allowed for diverse food production throughout the year. Animal husbandry and apiculture were also practicable, especially since the island has substantial waste ground, such as karstic land with limited agricultural potential but ideal for grazing. Thus, the production of varied foodstuffs would likely not have impinged on each other. Pottery production has also been identified. The nature of the sedimentary geology of the island, which results in calcium carbonate-rich clay, has been identified as one of the issues that would have impacted pottery production. So too is the availability of fuel, seeing the generally degraded steppe environment and limited tree cover present during the period. What also emerges from the study is a picture of an island that is not an uninhabited or forgotten backwater. However, it seems that the Aghlabid overlordship of the island in the ninth century could have resulted in general neglect of the island’s potential, which is reversed starting in the early tenth century under the Fatimids. The study also highlights the clear and evident need for additional research, especially of a scientific nature, and publication of the archaeology of Arab period Malta. Such efforts would be a boon to our understanding of this often-overlooked period of the history of the Maltese Islands and help further elucidate agricultural practices, trade dynamics, and adaptive strategies during the Arab period in Malta.

Les ressources d’eau d’oued M’Zab sont des eaux souterraines non renouvelables à cause du climat sec de la région. Une compagnie d'échantillons de 18 puits de différentes points de l’amont vers l’aval du la vallée d’oued M’Zab. Les analyses physico-chimiques ont été faites en laboratoire (ADE), et l’Indice de Qualité de l’Eau (IQE) a été calculé à l’aide d’un programme Excel basé sur les équations mathématiques internationales et des normes algériennes. Les résultats montrent que l’eau de la région est globalement de bonne qualité avec un IQE moyen de 48,06, 62 % des puits en eaux de bonne qualité et 38 % en eau de mauvaise qualité. Les bonnes qualités d’eau se trouvent principalement à Daïa et Ghardaïa, tandis que les mauvaises qualités sont observées à l’aval, surtout à El’ Atteuf , zone agricole où se trouve les eaux stagnantes et l’activité agricole. Tous les échantillons dépassent les normes algériennes pour les sulfates et la dureté tandis que les éléments de pollution sont négligeables à cause de la forte minéralisation.

Despite the expanded literature of Omani history in Zanzibar in the nineteenth century, few studies have been focused on the patterns of credit and debt of them. This thesis examines the nature of Omani community in living with others and how people made decisions about what sort of business to do, whom to borrow from or lend to, and whom to do business with. Using a sample of one thousand transactions to illustrate the idea of credit and debt patterns between Omanis and other groups that lived in Zanzibar. This study offers a problematic argument of nisba and raising a question of who was giving nisbas to these people. This study presents the active roles of women as moneylenders and borrowers, and how the social rank is reflected in dress and clothing styles. Through an analysis of these transactions, this thesis explores the different approaches of cosmopolitan Zanzibar and how these various meanings can be seen through the credit and debt process of a diverse people living in Zanzibar. Also, we conclude that there are two distinct ways of understanding cosmopolitanism in Zanzibar through transactions. Firstly, Zanzibar society in the nineteenth century involved people from various ethnicities and backgrounds, which might be seen as a kind of cosmopolitanism involving ‘modernity’ and ‘openness’ to different cultures. Secondly, the society that included multiethnic people, could be seen as divided and categorised by their status and ethnicity