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Trade of the Ibaḍīs of the Jabal Nafūsa with Kawar p. 34-36.
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This paper investigates cultural interactions between the Soninke of Ghana (or Wagadu kingdom) and the Maghribī Ibāḍiyya in the western Sudan, from about a century before, to approximately a century after the Almoravid confederation in the western Sahara. From the late 8th and early 9th centuries, the Ibāḍiyya, together with other Berberophone populations, moved south into the upper Senegal and Niger river regions, primarily engaging in commercial and missionary activities. They usually stayed in towns or Muslim quarters near urban settlements such as Tahert, Wargla, and Gao, where they came into contact with Soninke traders. The degree to which Soninke-speakers may have been influenced by the Ibāḍī religion is not clear, but available evidence suggests that some pre-Almoravid conversions occurred. However, after the 11th century, the Almoravids effectively removed most traces of the Ibāḍī doctrine (Catalogue African Studies Centre, Leiden).
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While acknowledging that sub-Saharan Africa was the site of early food production, this paper evaluates the evidence that the production of some North-African Mediterranean and Asian food crops was introduced into West Africa by the little known Ibāḍiyya -the oldest of all Islamic sects- from Maghribian communities, possibly between the 8th and 16th centuries. In answering the question “how” or “by what process” Maghrib foods were diffused across the Sahara, the paper argues for the existence of Ibāḍī diasporas before the 10th century when Trans-Saharan commercial networks first began to be organized, thereby fueling important changes in the desert’s political economy (Catalogue African Studies Centre, Leiden).
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the town of Tādmakka was an important Berber market lying on the southern edge of the Sahara in the area of the Adrar of Hoghas. The vast ruins of this town called El Souq are still visible. Tādmakka maintained relations at a great distance. According to al-Bakrī (1068), the caravan routes linked it with the towns of Qayrawān and Tripoli on the one hand and with the great political and trade centres of the western Sudan, Kawkaw (Goa) and Ghāna (Kumbi Saleh), on the other. Tādmakka was already flourishing in the 9th century. It was there that was born about 884, Abū Yazīd Makhlad b. Kaydād, the famous “man with an ass”, who was the son of a Berber merchant from Bilād al-Jarīd and belonging to a branch of the Zanāta. The Ibāḍī sources note also the presence of other Berber-Ibāḍī merchants from Zanāta, sometimes very rich. According to Ibn Ḥawqal (973-975) the inhabitants of the kingdom of Tādmakka called Banū Tānmak (Tādmak) belonged to a branch of the Ṣanhāja and were of black origin crossed with whites. On the contrary, the inhabitants of the capital of the kingdom, whom Yāqūt calls Zakrām (Akrām, for Aghram: castle) were of Zanāta origin. They were mostly Ibāḍī merchants from Djerid and other Ibāḍī districts of North Africa. As for the Ṣanhājan inhabitants of the Tādmakka kingdom, they long remained pagans and only became Moslem in the year 1109-1110, after the islamization of the town of Ghāna.
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Extracts with detailed annotations from: - Abū Zakariyyā’ Yaḥyà b. Abī Bakr al-Warjlānī: Kitāb al-Sīra wa-Akhbār al-A’imma (4-7); - Abū ‘l-Rabīʿ Sul. b. ʿAbd al-Sallām al-Wisyānī: Kitāb al-Siyar (10-17); - Anonymous: Siyar al-Mashāyikh (18-27). On pp. 2-4, 7-10, 17-18 detailed information on the authors and on the MSS (from the Smogorzewski collection, in 1960 in Cracow).
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