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ملخص لا تخلو أي منطقة جغرافية في العالم قامت عليها حضارات بشرية وإلا ووجد من يهتم بتدوين ما يقع على أرضها من أحداث، ولكن يتفاوت هذا الاهتمام فيكثر أحيانا ويقل حينا آخر، وعمان واحدة من الأقاليم التي دونت تاريخها ولكنه لا يخلو من ثغرات وفترات لم يدون عنها شيء، ومن هنا جاءت دراستنا لتميط اللثام عن كل المصادر التي يمكن الاعتماد عليها للحصول على المادة التاريخية، بدءا من الكتب التاريخية مرورا بكتب السير والنوازل الفقهية والأنساب والأدب وانتهاء بالعملات النقدية واللقى الأثرية، وقد استخدمنا المنهج التحليلي والاستقرائي للوصول إلى بغيتنا، وتوصلنا إلى نتائج عديدة منها أن كل مصدر مكمل للآخر في الكثير من الأحيان وبعض الأحيان يكون مؤيدا ومعط لتفاصيل أعمق. الكلمات المفتاحية (عمان، مصادر، السير، العصر الإسلامي، كتب النوازل، كتب الأنساب، عملات نقدية، اللقى الأثرية) Abstract There is no geographical region worldwide on which human civilizations were founded, without someone interested in recording the events taking place onThere is no geographical region worldwide on which human civilizations were founded, without someone interested in recording the events taking place on its land. But the level of this interest varies from one place to another. Oman, among such regions, has recorded its history, albeit with some gaps and unrecorded periods. Hence, our study aims to uncover all the sources that can be relied upon to obtain historical material, starting from historical books, passing through biographies, books of jurisprudence, genealogies, literature, and ending with coins and archaeological discoveries. Using analytical and inductive approaches to achieve our goal, we reached several results, including that each source often complements the other and sometimes supports and provides details. Keywords (Oman, sources, biographies, Islamic era, jurisprudence books, genealogy books, coins, archaeological findings)
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Cet article, centré sur l’usage du corps et le style vestimentaire, interroge ce que ceux-ci nous disent du respect des normes de genre et de la capacité, ou de la volonté, de transiger avec celles-ci ou de se les réapproprier à son avantage. Il se fonde sur une étude portant sur des femmes mozabites vivant dans leur territoire d’origine (le M’Zab), et dans un territoire d’accueil, la ville d’El-Eulma (Setif). La comparaison entre ces deux espaces permet d’éclairer et de mesurer le décalage entre les usages du corps et du vêtement selon le poids démographique et la force des liens de sociabilité. Le port du voile aḥouli, accessoire qui, au M’Zab, sert à l’invisibilité des femmes mozabites, se révèle accroître leur visibilité ailleurs, de sorte que celles-ci peuvent vouloir l’ôter pour gagner en invisibilité.
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What role did enslaved East Africans play in producing and transmitting the occult sciences between East Africa and Oman? This article explores the relationship between enslaved East Africans and the occult sciences in the works of Nās.ir bin Abī Nabhān (1778–1846), a jurist and practitioner of the occult sciences who lived between Oman and East Africa. It argues that enslaved East Africans were instrumental in producing and disseminating valuable occult knowledge. The analysis informs how occult knowledge operated and circulated between the Arabian and African coasts, animated in occultist idioms, and was written in Arabic and Swahili. Moreover, it explores how East African and Omani actors articulated occultist knowledge by paying attention to the interlinkages between power dynamics and knowledge hierarchies during the expansion of the Bu Saidi Empire in the nineteenth century. This study explores uncharted waters in a transoceanic sphere by tracing translation processes and nonEuropean imperial knowledge production in the Indian Ocean world.
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تُعدُّ الكلمة بمثابة بوابة تفتح على عوالم من الدلالات والمعاني المتعددة، وهذا ما أدّى إلى تأسيس علم مستقل يعني بدراسة الدلالة، حيث يركّز على فهم الكلمة ومعانيها واستخداماتها في سياقات مختلفة. تبرز نظرية الحقول الدلالية كأداة أساسية في فهم المعاني وكشف الأبعاد الدالة في النصوص. ونظرًا لهذه الأهمية، قررنا تطبيق هذه النظرية على قصائد الشاعر العماني سليمان بن علي العبري، وبما أن نصّه الشعري يتمتع بلغة غنية بالدلالات، تهدف الدراسة عبر المنهج الوصفي- التحلیلي إلى معرفة مدى تنوع الحقول الدلالية في شعره، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى حقولٍ دالة على الطبيعة والمناظر الطبيعية، والحبّ والعواطف، والدين والروحانية، والحضارة والتاريخ، والسلام والتسامح.
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In the late nineteenth century, abolitionists felt entitled to use all possible means to save the African victims of the slave trade. As European imperialism rose, abolitionism legitimized interventionism. This article explores how a major humanitarian movement could sanction colonial occupation and the violence that accompanied it. It also examines the position of African slaveholders who resisted the entrenchment of European rule and defended an order in which slavery was common. It focuses on two main actors: French Captain Leopold Joubert, Catholic royalist and former pontifical Zouave who supported Cardinal Lavigerie's Missionaries of Africa and Belgian King Leopold II's allegedly abolitionist endeavours; and Tippu Tip, a trader and slaver who, like Joubert, worked for self-styled abolitionists such as Leopold II and the Sultan of Zanzibar. The connected microhistories of these men show how the international problematization of African slavery fuelled both European imperialism and anti-colonial resistance, while also creating circumstances in which enslaved persons emancipated themselves. The article investigates the moral perceptions of individuals whose sense of self was predicated upon values embodied by Europe's monarchies, the papacy of Rome, and the sultanate of Zanzibar. Faced with what they perceived as existential threats to these institutions, they responded with rising radicalism.
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تسعى هذه الدّراسة إلى رصد صورة متكاملة لبدو عُمان كما قدّمها كتاب «الرمال العربية» للمستشرق والرحّالة البريطاني ويلفريد ثيسيجر Wilfred Thesiger (1910 - 2003). وقد قضى ثيسيجر تسعَ سنوات مستكشفًا أفريقيا وبعض أقطار العالم العربيّ قبل أن يعيش مدّة خمس سنوات أُخرى (1945 – 1950) في جنوب عُمان برفقة البدو، والصّحراء.ويدين ثيسيجر لتجربته الثّريّة في اكتشاف إِحدى أقسى صحارى العَالم، والاقتراب من حياة مجتمع الهامش، إلى خصوصيّة علاقته ببدو عُمان، وعلى رأسهم «ابن كبينة» و«ابن غبيشة»، فمهّدوا له مهمّة عبور صحراء الرّبع الخالي مرّتين على نحوٍ غير مسبوق، وجسّروا المجتمعَ البدوي لمعايشة الغريب وتقبّله بينهم. كما يدين لهذه التجربة بجملتها بفضل تقريبه من أَسرار العالم الرُّوحيّ ليكشف وجهًا نقيضًا من الحياة مغايرًا للعالم المادّي المهيمن على أوروبا – كما يقول. يقدّم ثيسيجر تجربته هذه في مقالات نشرها متفرّقة قبل أن يجمعها في كتابه «الرمال العربية» (Arabian Sands). والمطّلع على هذا الكتاب يتبيّن صورةً لبدو عُمان تشفّ عن إعجاب ثيسيجر الشّديد بنبل أخلاقهم، وصبرهم وشجاعتهم وكرمهم وأمانتهم، وإيثارهم شظف العيش على رغده.لكن إلى جانب هذه الصّورة المشرقة المهيمنة على جملة تفاصيل تجربة ثيسجر بين بدو عُمان، والصّحراء، تحضر صور أُخرى تُرْسَمُ من تأفّفه من فضولِ البدو، وتنمّر بعض أطفالهم عليه لتخلّفه عن مشاركة النّاس الصّلاة، وغيرها.
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The distributive political economy of contemporary Arab Oman yields a status-differentiated social infrastructure composed of elites who distribute and non-elites who, in many ways, rely on those distributions. The construction of communicative links within social infrastructures via the performance of sung poetry depends on the phaticity of the link being activated. For Omani poets, different linguistic performance genres telescope the vast social distance between elites who listen and non-elites who sing in different ways and with different results. Omani poets from the rural north of the country conduct cross-class social contact—conceptually “vertical” social infrastructural movement—by way of two contrasting genres of Arabic praise poetry: a one-off request or statement, the solo qasida, and a recognitive, addressive choral form that reciprocally establishes and evaluates such vertical relationships, the 'āzī. I argue that the metapragmatic distinctions that Omani poets draw between these two genres reveal a subtle phatic ideology that allows certain modes of communicative contact to index deeper, cross-class social ties within grand public performances, while simultaneously reinforcing tacit norms of elite avoidance of non-elites in everyday social intercourse.
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Manuscripts produced and used by Ibadi Muslim communities have been on the move in the Maghrib and beyond for over a millennium. Yet most Ibadi texts, including most extant copies of pre-modern texts, were copied from the 18th century onward. This means that any study of these manuscripts must address their early modern and modern histories, including their encounter with colonialism, their role in shaping post-independence nationalist historiographies, and contemporary efforts at manuscript documentation in the region. In this presentation, I follow the history of manuscript migration connected to Ibadi communities in the Jebel Nafusa through four intersecting themes. The first relates to the objects themselves, pausing to consider the history of their production, based on a survey of manuscript catalogs and data from recent digitization and documentation projects in the region. This dimension has migration at its core, since many “Nafusi” manuscripts were produced outside the Jebel Nafusa in other centers of Ibadi learning in Northern Africa. Continuing to follow the manuscripts as they moved through space allows us to trace the trajectories of their copyists and owners. Using exemplary private libraries today located in Djerba, Tunisia, I present a migrant manuscript trajectories that connect the Jebel Nafusa, Cairo, the Mzab Valley in Algeria, and the island of Djerba. I then turn my attention to an important but often neglected aspect of Maghribi manuscript histories; namely, their colonial legacies. Finally, I highlight the work done by local Ibadi organizations in the past two decades to document and to preserve individually and collectively owned manuscript collections.
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