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The Fatimid era in the Islamic Maghreb represents a decisive historical phase marked by profound sectarian tensions and accelerated political transformations that reshaped the region’s structures of authority, governance, and collective identity. The expansion of the Fatimid Ismaili mission during the early 4th century AH/10th century CE did not occur in an ideological vacuum; rather, it interacted dynamically with an already diverse doctrinal landscape characterized by Sunni, Ibadi, Kharijite, and tribal affiliations. These interactions generated a complex pattern of alliances, resistances, and conflicts that transcended purely theological disagreement and evolved into broader struggles over political legitimacy, sovereignty, and control of space. This study adopts a historical-analytical approach to examine the nature and implications of sectarian conflict in the Islamic Maghreb during the Fatimid period. It explores how doctrinal disputes intersected with tribal structures and local power centers, contributing to the reconfiguration of political authority and the emergence of new governance models. Particular attention is given to the role of Ibadi movements and the establishment of the Rustamid state, as well as to major uprisings such as the revolt of Abu Yazid Makhlad ibn Kidad, which embodied a dual confrontation—both sectarian and political—against Fatimid rule. The study argues that sectarian conflicts during the Fatimid era functioned as instruments of political mobilization and state formation rather than mere reflections of religious divergence. By analyzing these conflicts within their social, tribal, and geopolitical contexts, the paper demonstrates how the Islamic Maghreb became a laboratory for competing models of authority that left a lasting imprint on the region’s historical trajectory. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between doctrine and power in medieval Islamic history and highlight the central role of the Maghreb in shaping broader Islamic political developments.

تتناول هذه الدراسة دور ميناء الحديدة في تجارة البن والجلود خلال المدة (1367–1382هـ / 1948–1962م)، وذلك بالاعتماد على وثائق وسجلات الجمارك والموانئ اليمنية، إلى جانب عدد من وثائق الأرشيف البريطاني والمصادر اليمنية والعربية والمعرَّبة. وتنبع أهمية الدراسة من قلة البحوث التي تناولت تجارة البن والجلود عبر ميناء الحديدة في هذه الحقبة، اعتمادًا على الوثائق المحلية المتعلقة بالتجارة الخارجية اليمنية. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج التاريخي الوصفي، من خلال تحليل الوثائق والسجلات بوصفها مصادر أساسية للبحث. وتُظهر نتائج الدراسة أنه على الرغم من التحديات التي واجهت ازدهار تجارة البن والجلود، فإن السلطات اليمنية عملت على دعم التصدير وتعزيز حضور هذه المنتجات في الأسواق العالمية. كما خلصت الدراسة إلى أن ميناء الحديدة شكّل محورًا حيويًا في النشاط التجاري الخارجي للمملكة المتوكلية اليمنية، إذ مثّل نافذتها الرئيسة على العالم عبر تصدير البن والجلود، مما يؤكد دوره البارز في تاريخ اليمن الاقتصادي خلال تلك المدة. This study examines the role of the Port of Al-Hudaydah in the trade of coffee and hides during the period (1367–1382 AH / 1948–1962 AD), drawing on documents and records from Yemeni customs and ports, in addition to selected documents from the British archives, as well as Yemeni, Arab, and translated sources. The significance of the study lies in the scarcity of research that has addressed the trade of coffee and hides through the Port of Al-Hudaydah during this period, particularly studies based on local documentary sources related to Yemen’s foreign trade. The study adopts a descriptive historical approach through the analysis of documents and records as primary sources. The findings indicate that, despite the challenges that hindered the growth of coffee and hides trade, the Yemeni authorities sought to support exports and strengthen the presence of these products in global markets. The study also concludes that the Port of Al-Hudaydah constituted a vital hub in the external commercial activity of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, serving as its main gateway to the world through the export of coffee and hides, thereby underscoring its prominent role in Yemen’s economic history during this period.

The study addresses the Omani cultural and intellectual movement in East Africa during the reign of Sultan Barghash bin Said (1870–1888), and his desire to achieve an Omani intellectual renaissance in East Africa, specifically in Zanzibar. This was pursued through the introduction of the printing press, which marked a unique transformation that contributed to the outreach of Omani and Arab culture. The study addresses the factors that led to the emergence of the idea of the Royal Printing Press, highlight its most significant intellectual publications, and explain its impact in Zanzibar’s society specifically, and in East Africa in general. The importance of the research lies in shedding light on the influence resulting from the establishment of the Royal Printing Press in East Africa. The research focus is reflected in presenting the reasons that led to the idea of introducing a printing press in Zanzibar, by exploring the contributing influences that supported the scientific and cultural renaissance in East African society and its role in stimulating intellectual thoughts and scientific awakening. The study will rely on the analytical method by examining and analyzing the conditions that played a role in motivating Sultan Barghash bin Said to introduce the printing press in Zanzibar and its impact on society. It will also utilize the descriptive method by presenting the most prominent productions, publications, and bulletins printed by the Royal Printing Press. The study concludes that the social environment in which the Omani Sultan grew up in, played a role in enhancing his interest in scientific and cultural pursuit. In addition, the cultural impact of the printing press extended through the preservation of Omani and Arab heritage through the diversity of its publications.

قامت السلطات الاستعمارية الفرنسية منذ احتلالها للجزائر سنة 1830 م على محاولة إذابة المجتمع الجزائري في الكيان الفرنسي، وإحكام سيطرتها عليه، فعملت على تنفيذ العديد من الإجراءات في مختلف الميادين من أجل إنجاح مخططاتها الاستعمارية من بينها الميدان الديني محاولة نشر المسيحية عن طريق سياسة التنصير للقضاء على الهوية الوطنية والديانة الإسلامية، خاصة وأن رين ِّ المبش لقوا الدعم والسند من طرف السلطة الفرنسية،كما أنهم وجدوا في الجزائر أرضا خصبة لبث دعوتهم مع انتشار الفقر والأمية.وهذا ما أدى إلى بروز هيئات دينية في الجزائر وقفت بالمرصاد لهذه السياسة، ولعبت الدور المنوط بها في مواجهة كل ما يؤثر على الهوية الجزائرية،ومن بينها هيئة العزابة التي كانت لها مواقف بارزة.في منع هذا المشروع مبرزة خطر التبشير المسيحي على المجتمع الجزائري عموما والميزابي خصوصا

Georges H. Parent (1937-2014) was one of Belgium's most active and prolific naturalists during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, having published more than 300 articles and books, some of which were very voluminous. His work focused on the fauna, mainly herpetofauna, and vascular flora of Belgium, but also on the neighboring territories of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Germany, and northeastern France, particularly French Lorraine. These field investigations were accompanied by extensive bibliographic and biographical research and were supplemented by educational works on biology and publications on the protection of biodiversity and nature.

This study assembled a comprehensive list of fish species for the Oman Sea (Gulf of Oman). The areas considered were focused on the northeast coast of Oman, the short eastern coast of the UAE, the southern coast of Iran, and the westernmost part of the Baluchistan/Pakistan coast. Our findings suggested the presence of 1047 species in 2 classes, 39 orders, 164 families, and 526 genera. Class Actinopteri had 647 species (90.44% of total species), and 100 (9.56%) species belong to Elasmobranchii. A total of 86 species were recorded for the first time from the Oman Sea in this study. The highest species number was recorded for the order and family of Acanthuriformes (225 species) and Carangidae (57 species), respectively. Using IUCN categories, the conservation statuses of fishes in the Oman Sea are: 114 Not Evaluated, 77 Data Deficient, 747 species of Least Concern, 19 Near Threatened, 43 Vulnerable, 26 Endangered, and 21 in Critically Endangered.

Berber subclassification is notoriously problematic, due to overlapping innovations and retentions across hypothesized sub-branches. Focussing on Oriental Berber, we analyze the lexicon of food, on the assumption that linguistic contacts within Berber and between Berber and Arabic are reflected in material and immaterial culture. An original method for the analysis of food terms and their denotations is proposed. We illustrate the method through a case-study of food preparation, in which various denominations are cognates of the stem *βazin, and which confirms most linguistic hypotheses about subgroupings and contacts, additionally exemplifying a case of levelling due to borrowing into Arabic followed by re-borrowing into Berber. Our results also point to further contacts across Berber language groups (best analyzed in terms of linkage), and confirm the relevance of the study of food culture in support of the historical reconstruction of Berber languages.

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