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Gall, M. L. (1990). Ottoman reaction to the European « scramble for Africa » : the defence of the hinterland of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. Asian and African Studies, 24(2), 109‑135. Fonds Martin Custers.
Lewicki, T. (1990). Le manuscrit no. 277 de l’ancienne collection ibāḍite du feu Zygmunt Smogorzewski de Lwów. Folia Orientalia, 27, 137‑146. Fonds Martin Custers.

Contains K. al-Siyar of Abū ‘l-Rabīʿ Sul. b. ʿAbd al-Salām al-Wisyānī (pp. 1-189), Anonymous: Siyar al-Mashāyikh (pp. 190-344), and no title and no author, but must be a copy of the second part of K. Al-Sīra wa-Akhbār al-A’imma of Abū Zak. Yaḥyà b. Abī Bakr al-Warjlānī (pp. 345-416).
Lewicki, T. (1990). Les noms propres berbères employés chez les Nafūsa médiévaux (VIIIe-XVIe siècle). (Observations d’un arabisant). Quatrième partie. Folia Orientalia, 26, 107‑136. Fonds Martin Custers.
Manduchi, P. (1990). Per una storia della stampa in Algeria: da « L’Estafette d’Alger » (1830) ai giornali della Repubblica Algerina Popolare e Democratica (1989). Oriente Moderno, 9, 223‑244. Fonds Martin Custers.
Gall, M. L. (1989). The Ottoman Government and the Sanusiyya: A Reappraisal. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 21(1), 91‑106. Fonds Martin Custers. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800032128

The historiography of the Sanusiyya, if one can apply such a term to the literary crop of roughly a century dealing with this North African tarīqa (pl. turuq, Sufi brotherhood), falls into three distinct categories. The earliest writings appeared in the 1880s, thirty years after the tariqa had taken root in Cyrenaica (then the Ottoman province of Benghazi). The works of French authors such as Charmes, Rinn, Duveyrier, Le Chatelier, and co-authors Depont and Coppolani were all marked by the concerns of the French colonial and protectorate authorities in Algeria and Tunisia. According to Duveyrier, a Saharan explorer of repute and the crudest exponent of this group's views, not only were the Sanusis a band of fanatics given to murdering innocent missionaries and explorers, but they were also in the vanguard of the turuq inspired by the Pan-Islamic rhetoric of the Ottoman sultan and aligned against French colonialism in Muslim North Africa. Only this combination of factors could account for the pervasive and determined resistance to French policies in the region. Along with the Sanusiyya, Duveyrier singled out for attack a North African sheikh and confidant of the Ottoman sultan, Muhammad Zafir al-Madani. Charmes, Rinn, Le Chatelier, and Depont and Coppolani, while less vitriolic in their tone, certainly had the same general approach. The analysis of this “Algerian school” was dismissed at the turn of the century by two eminent Orientalists, Christiaan Snouck Hugronje and Carl Heinrich Becker. A generation later, European fears of the turuq diminished in the wake of World War I, as new ideologies and forces came to dominate a transformed Pan-Islamism. This notwithstanding, some of the suppositions of the early French authors were adopted by later scholars and have since been quoted and requoted.
Lewicki, T. (1989). Les noms propres berbères employés chez les Nafūsa médiévaux (VIIIe-XVIe siècle). (Observations d’un arabisant). Troisième partie. Folia Orientalia, 26, 71‑93. Fonds Martin Custers.
الحمداني, ط. ن. (1989). الرحالة البرتغاليون في الخليج العربي خلال القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر. الوثيقة, 7(14), 190‑217. Fonds Martin Custers.

Portuguese, Turkish, British and Arab published sources are treated, as well as source-material and foreign and Arab studies. The Omani sources have almost neglected the events of the Portuguese invasion of the Arab Gulf altogether. Possible reasons for this are given by Ghannām 1979 (here pp. 205-204). Ḥamadānī, Ṭāriq Nāfiʿ al-: Dirāsa fī ‘l-Wathā’iq wa’l-Maṣādir al-manshūra ʿan il-Ghazw wa’l-Sayṭara al-Burtughāliyya fī ‘l-Khalīj al-ʿArabī. Al-Wathīqa (Bahrain), 6th year nr. 12 (Jum. I 1408/Jan. 1988), 80-103.
Lewicki, T. (1988). Les sources ibāḍites de l’histoire médiévale de l’Afrique du Nord. Africana Bulletin, 35, 31‑42. Fonds Martin Custers.

Lewicki mentions the following works, with references to translations of them and articles related to them: - The chronicle of Ibn al-Ṣaghīr of which we find extracts in Abū ‘l-Faḍl Abū ‘l-Qāsim al-Barrādī and in Abū ‘l-ʿAbbās Aḥm. al-Shammākhī; - Kitāb al-Sīra wa-Akhbār al-A’imma by Abū Zakariyyā’ Yaḥyà b. Abī Bakr al-Warjlānī; - Kitāb al-Siyar by Abū ‘l-Rabīʿ Sul. b. ʿAbd al-Salām al-Wisyānī; - Siyar al-Mashāyikh by an anonymous author; - Dhikr Asmā’ baʿḍ Shuyūkh al-Wahbiyya, an appendix to Shammākhī’s Kitāb al-Siyar; - Abū ‘l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Saʿīd al-Darjīnī: Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-Mashāyikh; - Abū ‘l-Faḍl Abū ‘l-Qāsim al-Barrādī al-Dammarī: Kitāb al-Jawāhir al-Muntaqāt; - Tasmiyat Mashāhid al-Jabal by an anonymous author, in Shammākhī’s Siyar; - Abū ‘l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-Shammākhī: Kitāb al-Siyar; - Ibn Salām b. ʿUmar (see Schwarz 1986, apparently not yet known to Lewicki); - Motylinski 1908b.
Gouja, M. (1986). Les communautés ibāḍites au Maghreb: réflexions sur leur rapport au pouvoir, à la sexualité et à la mort. Peuples Méditerranéens, 34, 43‑63. Fonds Martin Custers.
Holsinger, D. C. (1986). Muslim Responses to French Imperialism: An Algerian Saharan Case Study. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 19(1), 1‑15. Fonds Martin Custers. https://doi.org/10.2307/218692

The political events that preceded French occupation of Mīzāb, based mainly on French archivial materials. The awkward position of the Mīzābīs between French superior military power, which could easily destroy their trading activities in the North if they would not submit to French demands, and the threat of attaques on them by rebels in the South and their nomadic supporters if they would openly submit to the French and support them. This dilemma led to fierce internal strife in Mīzāb.
Le Cour Grandmaison, C. (1984). L’eau de vendredi. Droits d’eau et hiérarchie sociale en Sharqiya (Sultanat d’Oman). Études rurales, (93‑94), 7‑42. Fonds Martin Custers. https://www.persee.fr/doc/rural_0014-2182_1984_num_93_1_4753

Consulter sur www.persee.fr
Bulliet, R. W. (1983). Réponse de Richard Bulliet [à Gianfranco Fiaccadori]. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 38(2), 475‑476. Fonds Martin Custers. https://doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1983.410992
Fiaccadori, G. (1983). Kharidjites et donatistes. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 38(2), 470‑474. Fonds Martin Custers. https://doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1983.410991
Hoexter, M. (1983). Taxation des corporations professionnelles d’Alger à l’époque turque. Revue de l’Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, (36), 19‑39. Fonds Martin Custers.

The permanent Muslim population of Algiers and the Jewish community, as well as the Barrāniyya (people from outside the city) are mentioned. The Barrāniyya were organized in six corporations: people from Mīzāb, Biskra, Djidjilī, Laghouat, the tribe of Mzīṭa, and the liberated blacks. Sources for this study have been: books of travellers and foreign consuls residing in Algiers in the period in question (end 17th century-1830), registers of the Turkish government of Algiers, including the Tachrifāt, and documents and official publications of the first years of the French occupation.
الحرير, ا. ص. (1983). العلاقات الأقتصادية والثقافية ببن الدولة الرستمية وبلدان جتوب الصحراء الكبرى وائرها في نشر الإسلام هناك. مجلة البحوث التاريخية, 5(1), 75‑87. Fonds Martin Custers.
Kirkman, J. S. (1982). Omani relations with East Africa before the arrival of the Portuguese. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 12, 35‑38. Fonds Martin Custers.
Oman, G. (1982). Personal names in the regional areas of the Sultanate of Oman. Materials for the study of Arabic anthroponymy. Annali Dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale Di Napoli, 42, 528‑564. Fonds Martin Custers.

This is the third study on the Arabic anthroponomy of the Sultanate of Oman. It concerns the personal names of the telephone subscribers of 17 regional areas which form the third part of the telephone directory of the Sultanate, taken as a basis for the research. The first study dealt with the personal names of the Southern Region (Personal names in the Southern Region (Ẓufār) of the Sultanate of Oman. Oriente Moderno (Rome), vol. 60 (1980), 181-195), while the second included the names of the so called Capital Area (Cahiers d’Onomastique Arabe. Paris: CNRS, 1981). On pp. 529-530 a list of regions with the particular religious beliefs of the tribes, as far as information was available.
Holsinger, D. C. (1980). Migration, Commerce and Community: the Mīzābīs in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century Algeria. The Journal of African History, 21(1), 61‑74. Fonds Martin Custers. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700017862

The Mīzāb is an Ibādī community consisting of seven cities clustered in an arid rocky region 350 miles south of Algiers. Having established these settlements nearly a millennium ago, the Mīzābīs, as the inhabitants came to be known, struggled against formidable environmental odds and managed not only to survive but to prosper. By the sixteenth century the Mīzāb had become an important northern Saharan market. During the following centuries, the Maghrib witnessed a remarkable movement of Mīzābī men to coastal cities where they attained prominence in a variety of professions while leaving their roots firmly implanted within their distant oasis community. Following a brief historical background to settlement in the Mīzāb, this article sketches the ecological constraints of an urban community in a region virtually devoid of resources. It then traces the history of the commercial dispersion to the North during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and discusses the probable causes of emigration. The Mīzābīs were forced by environmental constraints to seek outside sources of support. Their rise to prominence in the Regency of Algiers may have been related to declining Saharan commerce and new commercial opportunities in the North. The organization and function of Mīzābī corporations in Algiers and other northern cities are described. Finally, this article relates an Ibāçī reform ethic to Mīzābī commercial success and concludes with some reflections on religious ideology and environmental demands as contributing factors to the long-term Mīzābī role in commerce.
Holsinger, D. C. (1980). Trade routes of the Algerian Sahara in the nineteenth century. Revue de l’Occident Musulman et de La Méditerranée, (30), 57‑70. Fonds Martin Custers.

A study of the impact of French imperialism on northern Saharan trade. Mīzāb’s important role in this trade
Kaylani, N. M. (1979). Politics and religion in ʿUmān: a historical overview. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10, 567‑579. Fonds Martin Custers.

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