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Custers, M. H. (1971). Het Imamaat van Salim b. Rashid al-Kharūṣī. Kroniek van een periode uit de geschiedenis van Oman, 1913-1920 [M.A. thesis]. University of Leiden.

Cuperly, P., & Abū ‘l-Yaqẓān, I. b. ʿĪsà. (1971). Le Mzab pays de lutte [Dactylographié]. Pères Blancs.

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Lewicki, T. (1971). De nouveau sur la liste des tribus berbères d’Ibn Ḥawqal. Folia Orientalia, 13, 171–200.

حكيم, س. (1971). ثورة ليبيا. مكتبة فرجاني.

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Brown, W. T. (1971). The Politics of Business: Relations between Zanzibar and Bagamoyo in the Late Nineteenth Century. African Historical Studies, 4(3), 631. https://doi.org/10.2307/216533

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Māğid, A. ibn. (1971). La ḥāwiya: abrégé versifié des principes de nautique (ḥāwiyat al-’iḫtiṣār fī ’uṣūl ‘ilm al-biḥār) (I. Khoury, Trans.). Bulletin d’Études Orientales, 24, 249, 251–253, 255–259, 261–320, 322–382, 384, 386. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41603320

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Karabenick, E. (1971). Djerba a Case Study in the Geography of Isolation. Journal of Geography, 70(1), 52–55.

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Sheriff, A. M. H. (1971). The rise of a commercial empire : an aspect of the economic history of Zanzibar, 1770-1873 [PhD, SOAS University of London]. https://doi.org/10.25501/SOAS.00029793

The development of Zanzibar as an entrepot and capital of a vast commercial empire has previously been attributed entirely to the far-sighted policies of Seyyid Said. A re-examination of the economic history of East Africa reveals that economic expansion from the eighteenth century resulted from economic forces which were independent of Omani policies; that these forces were already in motion before Seyyid Said first visited Zanzibar; and that the Omanis manipulated these forces to centralise economic activities at Zanzibar to a greater degree than would otherwise have been achieved, thus forming a commercial empire. The Omani demand for slaves for their expanding date plantations and the increasing French demand in the Mascarenes initiated a rapid expansion of Kilwa's hinterland and the growth of Zanzibar's entrepot role to supply the imports. When the French slave trade suffered a mortal blow from the Napoleonic wars and the eventual prohibition in 1822, the redundant slaves were diverted to the clove plantations of Zanzibar. The second major development was initiated by Portuguese taxation of the ivory trade of Mozambique. By 1801 ivory exports had been halved. To supply the unsatisfied Indian demand, to which was soon to be added European and American demand, the northern ivory hinterland was rapidly expanded during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. The development of the Indian mercantile community facilitated this expansion. The supply of this commodity of the hunt called for a constant expansion of the hinterland and sophistication of the commercial organization which, however, was dependent entirely on a caravan of human shoulders. The demand thus regularly outstripped supply, and ivory prices consequently rose. The price of manufactured imports, on the other hand, tended to remain steady or even decline as a result of mechanisation. The diverging price curves thus constituted a dynamic force for economic expansion. On such a vibrant economic base the Omanis structured their commercial empire. The empire, however, was not built on a stable administrative or political structure, but on a system of influence and common economic interests. In the age of the "Scramble" it merely crumbled.

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Düster, J. (1971). Die Völkerrechtlichen Verträge Des Sultanats Oman. Verfassung und Recht in Übersee, 4(3), 345–371. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43108157

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Amiji, H. M. (1971). Some Notes on Religious Dissent in Nineteenth-Century East Africa. African Historical Studies, 4(3), 603–616. https://doi.org/10.2307/216531

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Holmes, C. F. (1971). Zanzibari Influence at the Southern End of Lake Victoria: The Lake Route. African Historical Studies, 4(3), 477–503. https://doi.org/10.2307/216526

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ʿUmar, A. M. (1971). al-Nashāṭ al-Thaqāfī fī Lībiyā min al-Fatḥ al-Islāmī ḥattà Bidāyat al-ʿAṣr al-Turkī. Manshūrāt al-Jāmiʿa al-Lībiyya.

Lewicki, T. (1971). The Ibāḍites in Arabia and Africa. Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale, 13(1), 51–130. Fonds Martin Custers.

The Ibāḍī community at Basra in the seventh to ninth centuries and the origins of the Ibāḍī states in Arabia and Africa. The Ibāḍīs in North Africa and the Sudan to the fourteenth century. On p. 81 a map of the Ibādī realm in North Africa in the Middle Ages. P. 99 note 77: the Ibāḍī collection of Smogorzewski in Lwów is now in Cracow. See Būʿaṣbāna 1991.

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Lewicki, T. (1971). Un État soudanais médiéval inconnu: le royaume de Zāfūn(u). Cahiers d’études africaines, 11(1), 501–525. Fonds Martin Custers.

The kingdom of Zāfūn was probably situated in the southern Sahel, between the Senegal river and the ruins of Koumbi Saleh. It became independent in 1076 A.D., after the Almoravids had conquered Ghana. Its flourishing started in the second quarter of the 12th century, when the king succeeded in dominating several nomadic Berbers in the western Sahara, who were part of the confederation of the Almoravids. In this period an important commercial route between western Sudan and the western Maghrib was realised. In 1150 the domination of the king of Zāfūn over the petty black states of the western Sudan ceased and the kings of Ghana overpowered Zāfūn again (Catalogue African Studies Centre in Leiden).

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Martin, B. G. (1971). Notes on Some Members of the Learned Classes of Zanzibar and East Africa in the Nineteenth Century. African Historical Studies, 4(3), 525–545. Fonds Martin Custers. https://doi.org/10.2307/216528

P. 525: this short paper is an attempt to draw a profile, to describe some of the features of the ʿUlamā’ class of Zanzibar and East Africa, based on the biographies of seven prominent members of this class who lived in the 19th century. These men show a wide range of interests, from poetry to juridprudence, from commerce to mysticism. Two of them might be described as “radicals”; the others were fairly conventional. In passing I have made a few comments on some significant points: the history of the “old Arabs” in East Africa, the role of the ʿUlamā’ class in the Muslim society of this time and place, the relations of the “learned” to trade and government, the interconnections of the two Muslim sects, Ibāḍīs and Shāfiʿīs, the literary and educational accomplishments of the ʿUlamā’, the participation of some of the ʿUlamā’ in the Qādirī and Shādhilī revivals of the 1880s and 1890s, the extent of Pan-Islamic influence in Zanzibar and East Africa. I would like to suggest a few priorities for further research in this field. The seven scholars who are treated are the Sunnī ʿUlamā’: Muḥyī ‘l-Dīn b. ʿAbdl. al-Qaḥṭānī al-Wā’ilī (c. 1790-1869), Manṣab b. ʿAlī (1863-1927), ʿAlī b. ʿAbdl. b. Nāfiʿ al-Mazrūʿī (1825-1894), ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Amawī (1832-1896), ʿAbdl. b. Muḥ. Bā Kathīr al-Kindī (b. 1864), Aḥm. b. Sumayṭ (1861-1925), and the Ibāḍī scholar ʿAlī b. Khamīs b. Sālim al-Barwānī (1852-1886) (pp. 534-535), who became a Sunnī and was imprisoned for that by Sayyid Barghash. He had studied under the leading Ibāḍī Qāḍīs of Zanzibar in Barghash’s time and before, Yaḥyà b. Khalfān al-Kharūṣī and Muḥ. b. Sul. al-Mundhirī, and a visiting scholar from Oman, Khamīs b. Sālim al-Khaṣībī (Khuṣaybī). Martin cites frequently from Farsy 1944 and 1942. According to Kagabo 1991, 63, Barwānī was a Sunnī and was converted to Ibāḍism by the Ibāḍī sheikh Khamīs b. ʿAlī, and became a Sunnī again.

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ʿIbrī, I. b. S. al-. (1971). al-Ibāḍiyya laysū Khawārij. In Ajwiba wa-Fatāwà bi-Qalam al-Shaykhayni Ibrāhīm Bayyūḍ al-Jazā’irī wa-Ibrāhīm b. Saʿīd al-ʿIbrī al-ʿUmānī (pp. 37–51). Dār al-Daʿwa. Fonds Martin Custers.

Bayyūḍ, I. b. ʿUmar, & ʿIbrī, I. b. S. al-. (1971). Ajwiba wa-Fatāwà bi-Qalam al-Shaykhayni Ibrāhīm Bayyūḍ al-Jazāʾirī wa-Ibrāhīm b. Saʿīd al-ʿIbrī al-ʿUmānī. Manshūrāt Dār al-Daʿwa. Fonds Martin Custers.

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Abū ‘l-Yaqẓān, I. b. ʿĪsà. (1971). Sabīl al-Mu’min al-Baṣīr ilà Allāh. Manshūrāt Dār al-Daʿwa. Fonds Martin Custers.

Bayyūḍ, I. b. ʿUmar. (1971). al-Iḥrām min Jidda. Fatwà... li’l-Ḥujjāj al-Maghāriba. In Ajwiba wa-Fatāwà (pp. 7–18). Dār al-Daʿwa. Fonds Martin Custers.

Bayyūḍ, I. b. ʿUmar. (1971). al-Ibāḍiyya laysū Khawārij. In Ajwiba wa-Fatāwà (pp. 37–53). Dār al-Daʿwa. Fonds Martin Custers.