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El-Zouki, A. Y. (1980). Depositional environments of the Chicla, Cabao and Chameau Mort Formations as revealed by scanning electron microcopy. In M. J. Salem (Ed.), The geology of Libya. Volume II. Second Symposium on the Geology of Libya, held at Tripoli, September 16-21, 1978. Academic Press.

Le Loeuff, J., Métais, E., Dutheil, D. B., Rubino, J. L., Buffetaut, E., Lafont, F., Cavin, L., Moreau, F., Tong, H., Blanpied, C., & Sbeta, A. (2010). An Early Cretaceous vertebrate assemblage from the Cabao Formation of NW Libya. Geological Magazine, 147(5), 750–759. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756810000178

Fossil vertebrates from the Cabao Formation discovered in the area of Nalut in northwestern Libya include the hybodont shark Priohybodus, the crocodilian Sarcosuchus, an abelisaurid, a baryonichine spinosaurid and a large sauropod with spatulate teeth. The Cabao Formation may be Hauterivian to Barremian in age, although an earlier Berriasian to Valanginian age cannot be excluded. Its dinosaur assemblage is reminiscent of that of the El Rhaz and Tiouraren formations of Niger and strongly differs from both the Cenomanian assemblages of Morocco and Egypt and the Late Aptian to Albian fauna of Tunisia. Fossil vertebrates may be an important tool to establish the stratigraphical framework of the poorly dated Early Cretaceous continental deposits of Africa.

Pallas, D. (1980). Water resources of the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In M. J. Salem (Ed.), The geology of Libya. Volume II. Second Symposium on the Geology of Libya, held at Tripoli, September 16-21, 1978. Academic Press.

Singh, G. D. S. (1980). Structural control of groundwater flow in the Mesozoic sandstone aquifers of the eastern part of Jabal Nafusah, Libya. In M. J. Salem (Ed.), The geology of Libya. Volume II. Second Symposium on the Geology of Libya, held at Tripoli, September 16-21, 1978. Academic Press.

El-Zouki, A. Y. (1980). Stratigraphy and lithofacies of the continental clastics (Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous) of Jabal Nafusah, NW Libya. In M. J. Salem (Ed.), The geology of Libya. Volume II. Second Symposium on the Geology of Libya, held at Tripoli, September 16-21, 1978. Academic Press.

Fatmi, A. N., Eliagoubi, B. A., & Hammuda, O. S. (1980). Stratigraphic nomenclature of the pre-Upper Cretaceous Mesozoic rocks of Jabal Nafusah, NW Libya. In M. J. Salem & M. T. Busrewil (Eds.), The geology of Libya. Volume I. Second Symposium on the Geology of Libya, held at Tripoli, September 16-21, 1978. Academic Press.

Abohajar, A., Littke, R., Schwarzbauer, J., Weniger, P., & Boote, D. R. D. (2015). Biomarker Characteristics of Potential Source Rocks in the Jabal Nafusah Area, Nw Libya: Petroleum Systems Significance. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 38(2), 119–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12603

Ben Ashour, A. M., Zaied, A., & Bakush, M. (1991). Some geochemical aspects of Al Aziziyah Formation, Jabal Nafusah. In M. J. Salem & O. S. Hammuda (Eds.), The geology of Libya. Third Symposium on the Geology of Libya, held at Tripoli, September 27-30, 1987 (Vol. 6). Elsevier.

Salem, M. J., & Hammuda, O. S. (Eds.). (1991). The geology of Libya: Third Symposium on the Geology of Libya. Elsevier.

Bausch, W. M., & Meduna, J. U. (1991). Geochemical position of the Jabal Nafusah phonolites. In M. J. Salem & O. S. Hammuda (Eds.), The geology of Libya. Volume VI. Third Symposium on the Geology of Libya, held at Tripoli, September 27-30, 1987. Elsevier.

Major and trace element data of Jabal Nafusah phonolites are compared with those of other phonolitic provinces: Rhoen, Hegau and Kaiserstuhl (West Germany); Massif Central and Velay (France); and - with data from the literature - Kenyites and other phonolites of Kenya. In this geochemical comparison the character of the Jabal Nafusah phonolites can be specified exactly. Additional new analytical data are given for the elements Nb, U, Th, F, S and Cl. Between Zr, Nb, U and Th there are positive correlations. Plots of Rb versus Nb, and particularly Nb versus Zr reveal "fans", illustrating the individual differentiation trends of the distinct phonolite provinces. A plot on hyperbolic axes brings the data of the diverging fan to a common curve. Each province occupies its own field on this diagram; the Jabal Nafusah phonolites are situated in an extreme position. On triangular plots it can be shown that the Jabal Nafusah phonolites are enriched (relative to other elements) in Al, Na, Fe, Ca, K, Ti, Zr, F, Cl and Th as compared with other phonolitic provinces; but depleted in Mg, S, Nb and P.

Bausch, W. M. (1980). Mineralogical composition of Jabal Nafusah phonolites. Academic Press.

The Jabal Nafusah phonolites are characterized by the dominance of felsic components, or a very low colour ratio. As mentioned by Almond et al. (1974), phenocrysts (mostly of alkali feldspar) may occur, but generally the phonolites are fine grained, poorly crystallized or even aphyric. Along with microscope analysis, the mineralogical composition has been investigated, essentially by means of X-ray diffraction. The chief (felsic) components found were: sanidine, analcime, nepheline, sodalite and albite (given in order of approximately decreasing frequency). The frequency of analcime is quite remarkable, and has not been hitherto described. Also shown are the relations of changing proportions of mineralogical compositions and detailed X-ray data.

Giraudi, C. (1995). Geomorphology and sedimentology in the Ghan and Zargha Wadis and on the Jado Plateau. Libya Antiqua, 1, 18–26.

Burollet, P.-F. (1966). Remarques sur la stratigraphie du Jebel Nefusa. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 72(4), 1313–1331.

Ben Ismail, M. H., & M’Rabet, A. (1990). Evaporite, carbonate, and siliciclastic transitions in the Jurassic sequences of southeastern Tunisia. Sedimentary Geology, 66(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(90)90007-G

Evaporite, carbonate and siliciclastic transitions occur within the Jurassic deposits of southeastern Tunisia. These facies are grouped into four major transgressive-regressive sequences corresponding to various environments of deposition. The latter include sabkha, subaqueous evaporite basin, carbonate tidal flats to shallow marine platform, bioherms and mixed siliciclastic ramp. Rapid lateral and vertical variations in thicknesses and facies are controlled by tectonic, climatic and eustatic factors. East-west and NW-SE fault systems generated a down-faulted graben (Tataouine basin) bordered by two uplifted horsts (Tebaga Mole and Libyan Craton) and have acted as an evaporite depocenter or as a siliciclastic trap. Eustatic-related transgressions occurring during Late Lias, Bajocian, Early/Middle Callovian, and probable Upper Callovian-Oxfordian have led to opening and/or deepening of the marine basin accompanied by carbonate sedimentation rapidly replacing evaporite or siliciclastic deposition. This Jurassic example not only confirms that tectonics and, to a lesser extent, climate largely controlled evaporite, carbonate, and siliciclastic transitions; it also demonstrates that sea-level changes may be another factor controlling such transitions in these ancient deposits.

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Anzidei, M., Antonioli, F., Lambeck, K., Benini, A., Soussi, M., & Lakhdar, R. (2011). New insights on the relative sea level change during Holocene along the coasts of Tunisia and western Libya from archaeological and geomorphological markers. Quaternary International, 232(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.03.018

New data of sea level changes for the Mediterranean region along the coasts of northern Africa are presented. Data are inferred from archaeological sites of Punic-Roman age located along the coast of Tunisia, between Tunis and Jerba island and along the western coast of Libya, between Sabratha and Leptis Magna. Data are based on precise measures of presently submerged archaeological markers that are good indicators of past sea-level elevation. Nineteen selected archaeological sites were studied in Tunisia and four in Libya, all aged between ∼2.0 and ∼1.5 ka BP. The functional elevations of significant archaeological markers were measured with respect to the sea level at the time of measurements, applying corrections for tide and atmospheric pressure values. The functional elevations of specific architectural parts of the sites were interpreted, related to sea level at the time of their construction providing data on the relative changes between land and sea. Observations were compared against sea level change predictions derived from the glacio-hydro-isostatic model associated with the Last Glacial cycle. The results indicate that local relative sea level change along the coast of Tunisia and Libya, has increased 0.2 ÷ 0.5 m since the last ∼2 ka. Besides minor vertical tectonic movements of the land, the observed changes are produced by eustatic and glacio-hydro-isostatic variations acting in the Mediterranean basin since the end of the last glacial maximum.

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