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قوجة, ا. (2012). الفتنة الكبرى: من خلال مصادر خوارجية (2nd ed.). الدار التونسية للكتاب.

Petersen, E. L. (1964). ʻAlī and Muʻāwiya in early Arabic tradition: studies on the genesis and growth of Islamic historical writing until the end af the ninth century. Munksgaard.

"The first civil war 656-61 and the party antagonisms emerging from it have proved to be of crucial importance to the development of Islam. No wonder, then, that subsequent interpretations of the 'Ali-Mu'āwiya conflict provoked serious misrepresentations of the actual course of events. In a previous study I have tried to reconstruct some trends and problems of this conflict on the basis of the primary sources. This book presents an attempt to trace the formation of the historical tradition associated with the first civil war by applying modern standards of historical method. I have finally tried to establish an outline of the genesis of 'profane' historical writing in Islam, in so far as the 'Ali-Mu'āwiya conflict can be considered paradigmatic. The book thus aims at combining a 'historiographical' and methodical study of the early conflicts in Islam"--

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Hinds, M. (1972). The Murder of the Caliph ’Uthmân. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 3(4), 450–469. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800025216

The murder of ‘Uthmân was an important turning-point in Islamic history, and the story of how opposition in the provinces, particularly Egypt, combined with opposition at Medina itself and brought about the Caliph's death has been repeated many times. Accounts in sources such as al-Tabarî's History and al-Balâdhurîs Ansâb al-ashrâf bring together much transmitted detail concerning this dénouement. Caetani's monumental Annali dell'Islam serves as an extensive compilation of such detail, and Wellhausen, Levi Delia Vida, Gibb, Veccia Vaglieri and Petersen are only some of the other modern scholars who have commented on the event. Perhaps Professor Gibb best expresses the current view of the background to it in his thought-provoking article entitled ‘An interpretation of Islamic history’, where he sees in the caliphate of 'Uthmân a conflict between two main parties, the Meccans and the ‘tribesmen’. He points out that the Meccan merchants had been swift to seize the opportunities of wealth which arose in the immediate post-conquest phase, and goes on to say that in the course of 'Uthman's caliphate there arose at Medina ‘growing resentment at the rapid affirmation of Meccan political control… and the economic exploitation of the empire. Open discontent was first expressed by several religious personalities, whose conscience was shocked by the worldliness and grasping materialism displayed in the name of Islam. But these only provided a rallying-cry and a cloak for the material grievances of the tribesmen and Medinians, who swung into line behind them.’ Gibb therefore sees a total of four alignments, of which the Meccans and the tribesmen were the main parties, while the Medinans and the so-called religious party were secondary in importance.

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Hinds, M. (1971). The Banners and Battle Cries of the Arabs at Ṣiffīn. Al-Abhath, 24(1–4), 3–42. https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15511409&increment=152

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Petersen, E. L. (1958). ʿAlī and Muʿāwiah: The rise of the Umayyad caliphate 656-661. Acta Orientalia, 23, 157–196. Fonds Martin Custers. https://doi.org/10.5617/ao.5297

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