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ملخص: تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى الوقوف على ظاهرة الفعالية التنظيمية في المؤسسات الخيرية والوقفية، حيث طرح الباحث إشكالية عامة وهي متى تأسست مؤسسة الغفران الخيرية؟ وما دوافع ذلك؟، وكيف يتم تجسيد معايير الفعالية التنظيمية في أرض الواقع من وجهة نظر القائمين عليها؟، فقد كانت الدراسة وصفية وفق منهج الدراسة المونوغرافية حيث تناول الباحث مفردة واحدة لسبر أغوارها واستيعاب خصائصها، معتمدا على أداتي الملاحظة بالمشاركة وكذا عقد جلسات مقابلة مع المسؤولين والمتطوعين داخل المؤسسة الخيرية لفترة زمنية ما يقارب 3 أشهر، كما سمحت للباحث الفرصة بالاطلاع على أهم الوثائق التنظيمية والتي ساعدته في فهم روح التنظيم داخل هذه المؤسسة التي بلغت من العمر 31 سنة، فكانت خلاصة الدراسة أنّ للمؤسسة الوقفية دور مهم في المجتمع فهي إحدى أهمّ المؤسسات الاجتماعية التي لها دور فعّال وتأثير مباشر على قناعات الناس وأفكارهم وبخاصة إذا كانت تقدّم خدمات جليلة تتمثّل فيما يـمس الحاجات الأساسية لكل إنسان، مع ضرورة تكثيف البحوث والدراسات الميدانية على هذا النوع من المؤسسات لتحقيق هدفين اثنين، هما اكتشاف تجارب وخبرات لا تقل عن مثيلاتها في المؤسسات الاقتصادية الأخرى، أمّا الأمر الثاني هو تعزيز جهود المتطوّعين والقائمين على مثل هذه المؤسسات وكذا تنبيههم إلى بعض جوانب النقص التي تعتري أي عمل بشري. Abstract This study aims to explore the organizational effectiveness phenomenon within charitable and endowment institutions. The researcher posed a general problematic which was: When was Al-Ghufran Charitable Foundation established, and what were the motivations behind its establishment? The study also aimed to understand how the criteria for organizational effectiveness are manifested in reality from the perspective of those in charge. The study adopted a descriptive approach following a monographic research method, focusing on a single entity to thoroughly examine its characteristics. Data collection methods included participatory observation and conducting interview sessions with officials and volunteers within the charitable institution over a period of approximately three months. Additionally, the study had the opportunity to review key organizational documents, which helped the researcher gain insights into the spirit of organization within this 31-year-old institution. The study's conclusion emphasized the vital role of endowment institutions in society. They are among the most influential social organizations, with a significant impact on people's beliefs and thoughts, particularly when they provide essential services addressing fundamental human needs. The study underscored the importance of intensifying research and field studies on such institutions to achieve two main goals: first, discovering experiences and expertise no less valuable than those in other economic institutions, and second, enhancing the efforts of volunteers and those responsible for such institutions while drawing attention to certain shortcomings that may affect any human endeavor

The historical sources related to the Muslim presence in Congo in the late 19th century and the early 20th century usually mention Arabs and Swahilis, though many other ethnic communities were involved: Omani and Yemeni Arabs, Baluchis, Indians, Banyamwezi, Batetela, Basonge, Bakusu, Comorians, etc. The goal of this paper is to depict one of these ethnic groups, the Comorians, so as to identify the reasons for their presence in Congo, but also to explore their social position inside the Muslim community in Congo and the surrounding countries, given the fact that they had various professions: soldiers, scribes, chiefs, religious leaders, etc.

كتب النوازل الفقهية من أهمّ المصادر في الكتابة التاريخية، لما تختزنه من معلومات عن شرائح المجتمع المختلفة، فهي تحوي معلومات قيّمة عن الفئات المهمّشة كالفقراء؛ واللّصوص؛ والعبيد؛ وغيرها من الفئات التي طالها التّهميش، ولعلّ من أهم كتب النوازل التي ساهمت في إزالة الستار عن بعض هذه الشرائح في المجتمع الإباضي كتاب: "مسائل نفوسة الجبل"، للإمام عبد الوهاب بن عبد الرّحمن بن رستم، وانطلاقا من هذا الطّرح سنحاول في هذه الدّراسة معرفة أهمّ الفئات المُهمّشة التي تعرضت لها مسائل الكتاب والأوضاع التي كانت تعيشها دون تحميل النّص الفقهي ما يخرجه عن نطاق الدّراسة. Jurisprudential novels are among the most important sources of historical writing, as they contain information about different segments of society. They contain valuable information about marginalized groups such as the poor. And thieves; and slaves; And other groups that have been marginalized.Perhaps one of the most important books on disasters that helped to lift the curtain on some of these segments of Ibadi society is the book: "Questions of the Naffousa of the Mountain," by Imam Abd al-. Wahhab bin Abd al-Rahman bin Rustam. On the basis of this proposal, we will try in this study to discover the most important marginalized groups who were exposed to the issues of the book and the conditions in which they lived without weighing down the jurisprudential text. which takes him out of the field of study.

تعالج هذه الورقة البحثية الأوضاع الاجتماعية و الثقافية الإباضية من خلال كتاب" المعلقات في أخبار وروايات أهل الدعوة" لمؤلف مجهول (القرن السادس الهجري /الثاني عشر الميلادي)، بالوقوف على العادات والتقاليد والمنجزات العلمية الإباضية. عبر إشكالية تبحث في مظاهر الحياة الاجتماعية والثقافية ومميزاتها العامة. Abstract: This research paper addresses the Ibadi social and cultural conditions through the book “Al-Mu’allaqat fi Akhbar and Narrations of the People of the Call” by an unknown author (6 AH/12 AD) by identifying customs, traditions, and scientific achievements through a problem that examines the aspects of social and cultural life and its general characteristics

Abstract This paper presents a synchronic analysis of two items – bass and ġayr – in Siwi Berber and Arabic L2 spoken in the Siwa Oasis (Egypt). Despite their different etymologies, both items have followed a similar grammaticalization path, going from focus particles to contrastive conjunctions and, in turn, to discourse markers. These three functions are attested in the synchronic stage of both languages under study as well as in other Berber and Arabic varieties. After a general overview of the distribution and functions of bass and ġayr in Arabic and Berber languages, data on Siwi and Arabic L2 are discussed in a comparative fashion. This study shows that the use of bass and ġayr in the two languages largely overlaps, confirms the layered influence of Arabic on Siwi on a diachronic level, and demonstrates the increasing presence of Egyptian Arabic and its dominance over other Arabic varieties in the present day.

يمثل نظام العزابة في وادي مزاب بنية اجتماعية، تتمتع بالشرعية التاريخية وتحمل صفة الإجماع، وسنحاول في هذه الورقة البحثية الكشف عن البنية الفكرية والاجتماعية لهذا النظام، وكيف تمكن من التحول من حلقة تعليمية تربوية إلى نظام اجتماعي؛ يؤسس لمرجعية دينية ويساهم في إعادة إنتاجها. ابتدأت خطتنا المنهجية بتوضيح مفهوم إعادة الإنتاج في التراث السوسيولوجي، وتعريف مفهوم المرجعية الدينية في اللغة والاصطلاح، ثم تطرقنا إلى تتبع الظروف التأسيسية لحلقة العزابة والملامح السوسيو -فكرية لنظام العزابة؛ من حيث النشأة والتطور وشروط الانخراط والمهام والهيئات المنضوية تحته، ثم تطرقنا إلى المرتكزات الفكرية والاجتماعية لهذا النظام، وكيف ساهمت في إعادة إنتاج المرجعية الدينية في وادي مزاب، وبيان الآليات المساعدة على ذلك، انتهاء بالتحديات الاجتماعية التي تواجه نظام العزابة، من حيث كونها مؤشرات أزمة مرجعية، أم نموذجا اجتماعيا في طور التحول. The Azzaba system in the M’zab Valley represents a social structure that enjoys historical legitimacy and bearing the character of consensus. In this paper we're trying to uncover the intellectual and social structure of this system and how it could be changed from an educational cycle to a social system in order to establish a religious authority that contributes to its reproduction. Our methodological plan began with the clarification of the concept of reproduction in the sociological heritage, and the definition of the concept of religious authority in language and terminology. Then, we dealt with the founding circumstances of the episode of Azzaba and the socio-intellectual features of it, in terms of originality, progress, engagement rules, tasks and organizations that are included under its cover. After that, we talked about the intellectual and social pillars for this system and how it contributed to the reproduction of the religious authority in the Mzab Valley, stating the mechanisms helping to do that. Ending with the social challenges that the Azzaba system faces, in terms of being crisis indicators, or a social model in transition.

Abstract The Berber languages of North Africa comprise a collection of speech varieties where differences can be found as one moves across a Berber-speaking region, or from oasis to oasis. The varieties have a complex history, with multiple layers of contact, both with non-Berber languages and between Berber languages. These two factors make it difficult to categorise the relationships between Berber varieties, or to use the comparative method to provide a neat history of genetic developments. This paper uses lexicostatistical methods on a large dataset to provide a fine-grained picture of the synchronic relationships between Berber varieties, and thus to contribute to a broader understanding of the history and development of Berber.

In 1878, Henry Craven opened the first Protestant mission in the Congo. The Livingstone Inland Mission created multiple stations along the Congo River to reach the interior. It stayed active for six years before transferring its stations to Swedish and American missions. Five years after its closure, a sister mission, the Congo Balolo Mission, resumed efforts to teach the people living in the interior. This thesis explores the evolving reaction of the missionaries to state violence. It argues that these missionaries initially supported imperial violence that enforced laws that aligned with their beliefs, such as removing the slave trade. Once that violence extended to profits alone and increased in violence, the missionaries joined the movement to improve conditions in the Congo.