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إنَّ هدف البحث هو تسليط الضوء على الجانب الثقافي والعمراني لحاضرة المغرب الأوسط "تاهرت" أيام بني رستم من خلال مؤلَّف ابن الصغير المالكي؛ وهي المسألة التي تجاوزتها الدراسات المعاصرة باعتبار المؤلف وثيقة سياسية واجتماعية محضة، والمُضمّن باسم "أخبار الأئمة الرستميين"، ترعرع هذا الأخير في كنف بني رستم وتنقل بين ربوع عاصمتهم، كما يعتبر شاهد عيان لبعض الأحداث الخاصة بالفترة الأخيرة من تاريخها وهو ما ظهر جليا في متون كتابه، وبناءا على ما اشتمل عليه المؤلَف اعتبرت هذه الأخيرة من الدول الحضارية آنذاك متسمة بطابع السلم مما أدى إلى شيوع خبرها في شتى أنحاء الدولة الإسلامية، هذا وقد طبعتها ببصمة فكرية وثقافية وجماليات عمرانية بسيطة شدَّت النظر ولفتت الانتباه كما عبرت عن مدى التقدم والتطور الحاصل في المنطقة حتى افتكت لقب الحاضرة. The researsh aims to shed light on the cultural and urban aspect of the civilisation of the middle Maghreb Tahert in the deys of bani rustam through the author of ibn sghir el Maliki This Is an issue That contemporary studies have everlooked consedrning the auther as a pureley political and social document wich Is included in the name of the nwes of the rustamen imams. Who grew up among them and moved betwen capital tahar the last of the last civilized states and That time wase characterized states at That time by the nature of peace and appeasment Wich led to speared of its newes in varoius types of the islamic state and this imprited it with an intelkectual and cutural imprint and simple urban arsthetics that drew attention and drew As it expected the extent of the regoin's progress and devlopment until it claimed the tittle of civilisation with merit

The notion of mi’râj (the heavenly journey of Prophet Muhammad) is an important non-homogenic topic, although it is not often handled in Ibadi intellectual, sīrah (biography of the Prophet) and exegetical traditions. In this article, we analyse the treatment of the subject chronologically in the Ibadi tradition. We discuss the Ibadis’ main concerns on the subject, how they differ, what inferences they make from the related verses, sīrah, hadith and exegetical (tafsir) reports, and most importantly whether they accept the notion of mi’râj. This article analyses the notion of isrâ because of its close relationship to mi’râj. In summary, there are variations on the issue of mi’râj among the North African and Omani Ibadis. Even more interesting is the existence of significant nuances among the Omani Ibadis. In short, while all North African Ibadis accept mi’raj as an event, it is observed that some Omani Ibadis accept it, while others sometimes reject it for religious and sometimes rational grounds.

Le présent travail de recherche s’intitule la mémoire à travers l’Histoire : le puzzle de la mémoire en naufrage chez Slimane Baissa : la triade de « Babour Ghraq» vise à étudier comment Slimane BENAISSA, à partir de la tirade «Nâalbou li mayhebnach », est parvenu à construire et à transmettre la mémoire plurielle des algériens. Ce travail comporte deux chapitres, dans le premier nous abordons la représentation de l’auteur et ses œuvres, et dans le deuxième chapitre nous étudions les procédés et les stratégies textuelles et théâtrales de la construction et de la transmission de la mémoire que renferme cette tirade.

يتناول هذا البحث مسألة المذاهب الإسلامية في البلاد التونسية وعلاقتها بالدولة العثمانية خلال القرن 16م. ذلك أن المسألة المذهبية عريقة في البلاد التونسية. حيث عرفت تونس عبر تاريخها الإسلامي العديد من المذاهب الإسلامية، منها السنة والشيعة والخوارج. وقد ارتبط انتشار هذه المذاهب بالتطورات السياسية التي شهدتها تونس من الفتح الإسلامي إلى حدود العهد العثماني. كما ظلت في تونس ثلاثة مذاهب إلى يومنا هذا، وهي المالكية والحنفية والإباضية. أما بقية المذاهب فلم يعد لها وجود يذكر. وقد بقي المذهب المالكي أكثر انتشارا في تونس وفي شمال إفريقيا. وعندما دخلت تونس تحت الحكم العثماني عاد المذهب الحنفي إلى الانتشار من جديد، وأصبح المذهب الرسمي للدولة. وقد انتهج العثمانيون سياسة متسامحة مع كل المذاهب في تونس. وسنقوم في هذا البحث بتحليل ثلاثة مباحث هي: أولا أهم المذاهب الإسلامية التي وجدت في تونس قبل الدخول العثماني، ثانيا الدخول العثماني إلى تونس وانعكاساته على الخارطة المذهبية فيها، ثالثا المؤسسات التي أقامها العثمانيون في تونس ودور المذاهب الدينية فيها , This research deals with the issue of Islamic sects in Tunisia and their relationship with the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. Throughout its Islamic history, Tunisia has known many Islamic sects, including Sunnis, Shiites, and Kharijites. The spread of these sects was linked to the political developments that Tunisia witnessed from the Islamic conquest to the borders of the Ottoman era. There have remained in Tunisia three schools of thought to this day, namely Malikiyya, Hanafiyya and Ibadiyya. The rest of the sects no longer exist in Tunisia. On the other hand, the Maliki school of thought remained more prevalent in Tunisia and in the North African region. And when Tunisia entered under the Ottoman rule, the Hanafi school of thought returned to spread again, and it became the official sect of the state. The Ottomans pursued a tolerant policy with all sects in Tunisia. From this point of view, we will address our research in three sections: First, the most important Islamic sects of thought that existed in Tunisia before the Ottoman entry, second, the Ottoman entry into Tunisia and its repercussions on the sectarian map in it, and thirdly, the institutions established by the Ottomans in Tunisia and the role of religious sects in it. , Bu araştırma, Tunus'taki İslam mezhepleri konusunu ve 16. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile olan ilişkilerini ele almaktadır. Nitekim Tunus, İslam tarihi boyunca Sünnî, Şîî ve Hâricî dahil olmak üzere birçok İslam mezhebini tanımıştır. Bu mezheplerin yaygınlaşması, İslam fetihlerinden Osmanlı döneminin sınırlarına kadar Tunus'un tanık olduğu siyasi gelişmelere bağlanmıştır. Tunus'ta bugüne kadar Mâlikî, Hanefî ve İbâdî olmak üzere üç İslam mezhebi kaldı. Tunus’taki diğer mezhepler ise artık kalmamıştır. Öte yandan Mâlikî mezhebi, Tunus ve Kuzey Afrika'da en yaygın mezhep olmaya devam etti. Tunus, Osmanlı hakimiyetine girdiğinde, Hanefî mezhebi yeniden yayılmaya başladı ve devletin resmi mezhebi haline gelmiştir. Osmanlılar Tunus'ta tüm mezheplere karşı hoşgörülü bir politika izlemiştir. Bu bağlamda, bu araştırmayı üç bölümde ele alacağız: Birincisi, Osmanlı'ya girmeden önce Tunus'ta var olan en önemli İslam mezhepleri. İkincisi, Osmanlı'nın Tunus'a girişi ve bunun mezhep haritasındaki yansıması. Üçüncüsü ise, Osmanlıların Tunus'ta kurdukları kurumlarda İslam mezheplerinin rolü.

One of the most influential sects in the early history of Islam is the Kharijites. They suffered severe blows during the Umayyad period and, as their power and influence in the central lands of the caliphate diminished, they moved to more distant lands, such as North Africa.Groups of North Africans embraced the sometimes extremist political ideas of the Kharijites and succeeded in forming government in parts of the region. Examining the process by which this situation took place and the reasons for accepting Kharijite political and social ideas, it was concluded that the Kharijite anti-authoritarian ideas and beliefs were in harmony with the ideals and motives of the Barbarians, and mistreated the Barbarians who prepared them. In order to accept the teachings based on justice and freedom, the uprising against the oppression of the Umayyad governors paved the way for the acceptance of the Kharijite invitation by the Berbers and the development of foreign socio-political ideas in North Africa.

The Kharijites were the most important political-military opponents of the Umayyads, but despite their high military capability and good governing ideology, they could not find their place in the eastern lands of the Caliphate. The barbarians succeeded in gaining popularity among a significant section of the North African barbarians and disseminating their ideas. The results of this study, which is a descriptive way to answer the question of what were the ways of influencing Kharijite ideas politically and culturally in North Africa and the development of foreign thought in this region, show that Kharijites use the slogan of justice and equality that Their main principle and distinction was with other political groups of that time, as well as the use of cultural tools such as the Arabic language, organizations called "Al-Azaba" and the theories of their perpetrators and cultural claimants, as well as political methods such as invitations and active invitation centers in major cities. Use covert networks to promote their ideas and thus influence and attract fans in North Africa. In addition, taking advantage of the dissatisfaction of the original inhabitants of these areas due to the oppression of the Umayyad governors, was effective in facilitating the success of the Kharijites in their influence in North Africa

خضعت العمارة الاسلامية في نشأتها وتطورها الى الأحكام الفقهية المستمدة من قيم الدين الاسلامي وتعاليمه ، وهذا التأثير الفقهي جعلهامتعالية عن وصف المستشرقين لها بالعبثية والفوضوية ، ويكتسي تخطيط الطرق أهمية كبيرة في بنية هذه العمارة من حيث نشأتها ووظيفتها وعلاقتها العضوية مع محيطها العمراني وبيئتها ، ومن هذا المنطلق ييسعى هذا البحث الى ابراز مدى التوافق في التأثير على العمارة الاسلامية بين المذهبين المالكي و الإباضي في المجال الجغرافي الغربي للعالم الاسلامي من جهة ، وابراز أيضا الخصوصية البيئية في التأثيرعلى العمارة لكليهما، من خلال المقارنة بين مصادر المذهبين في فقه العمران ، وبين الأحكام الفقهية المتعلقة بالطرق Abstract: The Islamic architecture had been influenced in its origin and development by the religious regulations, and its far from what the orientalists said about its irregularity and anarchy. The roads were an important elemnent in the Islamic architecture and urbanism , in its manner of building and its planning and also in its aim regarding to its relation to the natural an urban environment . this paper aims to highlight the resemblance of the Maliki and Ibadhi doctrines in the ways of regulating the roads.

تحاول هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على أحد أهم المكونات الاجتماعية لبلاد المغرب الأوسط خلال العصر الوسيط، وهي -الجماعة الإباضية- والتي لعبت دورا كبيرا في الحياة السياسية والعلمية والمذهبية، غير أن أكبر أدوارها تجلت في الحياة الاقتصادية، حيث تحول مجالها والحواضر التابعة لها إلى أسواق ومراكز استقطاب اقتصادي كبير، وأصبح تجارها يلعبون دور الوساطة في التجارة العالمية عموما والمغربية على وجه الخصوص، وهذا باحترافيتهم وتحكمهم في تجارة بلاد السودان، وهذا الدور لهذه الجماعة هو موضوع دراستنا. Abstract: This study focuses on one of the most important social components of the countries of the Maghreb during the medieval period, which is the Ibadi community, which played a major role in political, scientific and sectarian life, but the biggest roles manifested in in economic life, as its field and its metropolitan areas turned into markets and centers of major economic polarization, and its merchants have become playing the mediating role in global trade in general and middle Maghreb in particular, and this is with their professionalism and control over the trade of western Sudan, and this role for this group is the subject of our study

يدور موضوع هذا المقال حول دور وجهود "الأستاذ الدكتور إبراهيم بحاز" في تحقيق التراث المخطوط، وهو أحد الباحثين الجادين والمميزين في مجال البحث في التاريخ الإسلامي، بذل جهودا معتبرة في تحقيق ودراسة ومراجعة مجموعة من المخطوطات كان في مقدمتها: مخطوط "أخبار الأئمة الرستميين " لمؤلفه "ابن الصغير" محور هذا المقال، هذا المخطوط الذي أرخ للدولة الرستمية كان موجودا في إحدى خزائن وادي ميزاب، ويعود الفضل في إظهاره وإخراجه إلى المستشرق "موتيلانسكي" الذي ترجمه إلى اللغة الفرنسية ثم طبعه ونشره سنة 1905، وأعيد طبعه مرتين بتونس عامي 1975 و1976 الكلمات المفتاحية: تحقيق التراث المخطوط؛ التراث الجزائري؛ مخطوط أخبار الأئمة الرستميين؛ المؤرخ ابن الصغير؛ الدولة الرستمية . The subject of this article revolves around the role and efforts of “Professor Dr. Ibrahim Bahaz” in achieving the manuscript heritage, and he is one of the serious and distinguished researchers in the field of research in Islamic history. For his author "Ibn Al-Sagheer" the focus of this article, this manuscript dated to the Rustamid state was located in one of the cisterns of the gutter valley, thanks to its showing and directed to the Keywords: Achieving the manuscript heritage; the Algerian heritage; the manuscript of the news of the Al-Rostamian imams; the historian Ibn al-Sagheer;the Rustamid state. orientalist "Mutilansky", who translated it into French and then printed and published it in 1905, and reprinted twice in Tunisia in 1975 And 1976.