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Di Vita, A. (1966). La diffusione del cristianesimo nell’interno della Tripolitania, attraverso i monumenti, e sue sopravvivenze nella Tripolitania araba. Corso di Cultura sull’Arte Ravennate e Bizantina, 13, 119–140.
Valérian, D. (2019). Les entreprises chrétiennes contre Djerba: croisades ou stratégies de contrôle des réseaux de commerce et de navigation ? In B. Weber (Ed.), Croisades en Afrique: les expéditions occidentales à destination du continent africain, XIIIe-XVIe siècles (pp. 49–68). Presses universitaires du Midi.
Várvaro, A. (1984). Le chiavi del castello delle Gerbe. Fedeltà e tradimento nella Sicilia trecentesca. Sellerio.
Flandina, A. (1876). La spedizione di Alfonso nell’isola delle Gerbe e la presidenza del regno di Sicilia in quell’epoca. Archivio storico siciliano, 1, 422–453. http://digitale.bnc.roma.sbn.it/tecadigitale/giornale/PAL0042082/1876/unico/00000446

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Önalp, E. (2008). 1560 Cerbe Deniz Savaşının Türk ve İspanyol tarihindeki yeri [Thesis, Ankara Üniversitesi]. https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12575/33198

Spain and Venice felt more and more threatened by the Ottomans and their corsair allies after losing against Barbarossa Hayreddin's Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Preveza in 1538 and the disastrous expedition of Emperor Charles V against Barbarossa in Algiers in 1541.Especially when Piyale Pasha had captured the Balearic Islands and together with Turgut Reis raided the Mediterranean coasts of Spain in 1558. Taking advantage of the piece made between Spain and France ;the initiative came from Maltese Knights who appealed to King Philip II of Spain to organize an expedition to retake Tripoli from Turgut Reis, who had captured the city from the Maltese Knights in August 1551 and had subsequently been made Bey (Governor) of Tripoli by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.The naval Battle of Djerba took place in May 1560 near the island of Djerba, Tunisia. It is believed by most reputable historians that the fleet assembled by the allied Christian powers in 1560 consisted of between 50 and 60 galleys and between 40 and 60 smaller craft. For instance , the official historian of the Knights of St John Giacomo Bosio, writes that there were 54 galleys. Fernand Braudel also mentions about 54 warships plus thirty-six supply vessels. Carmel Testa who had access to the archives of the Knights of St. John made more accurate listings. He lists precisely 54 galleys, 7 brigs, 17 frigates, 2 galleons, 28 merchant vessels and 12 small ships. These ships and their supplies were supplied by a coalition that consisted of Genoa, Naples, Sicily, Florence the Papal States, and the Knights of Saint John. Giovanni Andrea Doria, nephew of the Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, took the command of the fleet which assembles in Mesina. The fleet first sailed to Malta, where bad weather conditions and the hard sea forced it to remain for two months. Around 2,000 men were lost there, due to bad conditions and contagious diseases.Finally the fleet set sail for Tripoli on 10 February, 1560. Unfortunately we do not know the exact number of soldiers aboard. Braudel gives 10,000-12,000; Testa 14,000; considering the number of men a sixteenth century galley could carry, old figures like 20.000 are completely exaggerations.The expedition came to shore near to Tripoli but the lost of too many soldiers and the bad condition of the remaining soldiers changed the objectives. They decided to take Djerba first to use it as a command centre for the operation that was to made to Tripoli. Then the expedition returned to Djerba which they overran quickly. The Viceroy of Sicily, Don Juan de la Cerda, Duke of Medina Coeli, ordered the fort in the island to be strengthened.By that time Piyale Pasha was ordered to patrol in the Mediterranean and to sieged a small island of Malta, he learnt a Christian fleet occupied Djerba to occupy later Tripoli. The Turkish fleet changed it?s course and head to Djerba after taking necessary precautions. The fleet arrived at Djerba on 11 May 1560. Since the Christian forces did not expect it to come before July it was a complete surprise for them. With the help of the strong winds, Piyale Pasha had closed the Gap between Istanbul and Djerba in less then a month.The battle was over in a matter of hours, with about half the Christian galleys captured or sunk. Anderson gives the total number of Christian casualties as 18,000 but Guilmartin more conservatively puts the losses at about 9,000 of which about two-thirds would have been oarsmen.Giovanni Andrea Doria the commander of the fleet managed to escape in a small vessel and the remaining forces took refuge in the fort that they had strengthened just days earlier, which was soon attacked by the combined forces of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis. The garrison surrendered after a siege of three months and Piyale Pasha took the prisoners back to Istanbul, including the Spanish commander D. Alvaro de Sande, who had taken command of the Christian forces after Doria had escaped. The accounts of the final days of the besieged garrison are irreconcilable.The victory in the Battle of Djerba represented the apex of Ottoman naval domination in the Mediterranean. Soon The Ottomans made an unsuccessful effort on Malta in 1565, the new base of Saint Jean Knights who were expelled from Rodas. Although the Ottomans had captured Cyprus from Venice in 1571 the legend of the invincible Ottoman fleet continued until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 where the Turkish naval forces were destroyed by the Christian fleet.Shortly after The Ottomans were able to build another large fleet in less than a year after Lepanto, and recaptured Tunis from the Spaniards and their Hafsid vassals in 1574.

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Trojette, M., Ben Faleh, A., Fatnassi, M., Marsaoui, B., Mahouachi, N. E. H., Chalh, A., Quignard, J.-P., & Trabelsi, M. (2015). Stock discrimination of two insular populations of Diplodus annularis (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sparidae) along the coast of Tunisia by analysis of otolith shape. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 45(4), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2015.45.4.04

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Kobis, R. (2017). Between sectarianism and ethnicity. Political legalism of Ibadi Berbers in contemporary North Africa (pp. 177–197). Rambler Press.

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Burollet, P.-F. (1963). Field trip guide book of the excursion to Jebel Nefusa. Petroleum Exploration Society of Libya.
Ostaficzuk, S. (1973). Large-scale landslides in north-western Libya. Acta Geologica Polonica, 23(2), 231–244.
Beguinot, F. (1930). Berberi. In Enciclopedia italiana (Vol. 6, pp. 684–688). Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana.
Beguinot, F. (1934). Nefusah. In Enciclopedia italiana (Vol. 24, pp. 500–501). Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana.
Beguinot, F. (1993). Nafusa al-. In Encyclopédie de l’Islam (2nd ed., Vol. 7, pp. 892–894). Brill.
McLachlan, K. S. (1993). Nafusa, Djabal. In Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed., Vol. 7, pp. 894–895). Brill.
Bonacci, G. (1914, July 28). Raccolta di manoscritti e di opere autografate al rito dei berberi abaditi [Lettre manuscrite to Ministo delle Colonie]. ASMAI Libia.
Beguinot, F. (1921). Chi sono i berberi. Oriente Moderno, 1(5), 240–247, 303–311. Fonds Martin Custers. https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-00105002

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Insabato, E. (1919). Gli Abaditi del Gebel Nafusa e la politica islamica in Tripolitania. Rivista Coloniale, 13(3), 77–93.
Di Tolla, A. M. (2012). I berberi del Gebel Nefusa tra rivoluzione e identità culturale. In E. Francesca & A. M. Di Tolla (Eds.), La rivoluzione ai tempi di internet: il futuro della democrazia nel Maghreb e nel mondo arabo (pp. 73–91). Università degli studi di Napoli "L’Orientale.
Cresti, F. (2015). Due volte minoranza: i berberi ibaditi del jabal Nafusa nella visione coloniale. In F. Cresti (Ed.), Minoranze, pluralismo, stato nell’Africa mediterranea e nel Sahel (I edizione, pp. 21–61). Aracne editrice.

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Jouyne, H. (1887). Note de législation. Succession. Décrêt de 1866. Journal de la jurisprudence de la cour d’Appel d’Alger et de législation algérienne, 29, 290–393.
Jouyne, H. (1887). Note de législation du droit ibadite. Tutelle testamentaire. Journal de la jurisprudence de la cour d’Appel d’Alger et de législation algérienne, 29, 290–393.

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