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Abstract This article analyzes ‘udūl ledgers from southern Tunisia in the late 19th-century to answer two questions: how useful are they as a source for historical study, and what can they tell us about the role of ‘udūl in the daily practice of Islamic law? On the first question, I suggest the ledgers are likely a reliable source of history and constitute an untapped archive for an understudied region. I also offer a guide to deciphering their difficult pages. On the second question, I suggest that the function of ‘udūl in the practice of Islamic law was more significant than previously recognized. Far from being mere judges’ assistants, notaries were independent legal practitioners who served broad segments of society with their scribal skills, provided a stable foundation for the enforceability of contracts and the establishment of facts, and likely intervened in the agreements they recorded, educating the parties on the relevant law and helping to resolve disputes.

Sultan Barghash bin Said ruled the Sultanate of Zanzibar from 1870 to 1888 AD. His reign was marked by many achievements in the cultural, civilizational and economic fields, as Sultan Barghash was a lover of science and eager to develop and introduce civilization to Zanzibar. On the cultural level, he established the Royal Press, attracted scholars to Zanzibar, and printed books. In the field of construction, he focused on building palaces and introducing electricity and water networks to Zanzibar. Some researchers believe that Sultan Barghash's idea of development was the result of the Sultan's trip to Egypt and European countries in 1875 AD, during which he saw the development those countries had achieved in all fields. When he returned from his trip, he began implementing some of the civilisational projects he had seen. From this perspective, this paper discusses Sultan Barghash's journey to Europe in 1875 AD, examining its route, the Sultan's companions, the Sultan's observations in the countries he visited, and the extent to which this influenced Sultan Barghash's development policy in Zanzibar after his return from that trip. The researcher will rely mainly in covering this topic on the book “Tanzih al-Absar wa al-Afkar fi Journey of Sultan Zanzibar” by its author Zahir bin Saeed, considering that it is the main source for the details of Sultan Barghash’s journey to Europe, as Zahir bin Saeed was accompanying the Sultan. It describes the events and what the Sultan and his companions witnessed on that journey from their departure from Zanzibar in 1875 AD until their return in the same year, in addition to the sources and references that dealt with the reign of Sultan Barghash.

This article explores the story of the French East India Company’s first flagship, originally a Dutch-built privateer vessel, from its inception in the 1660s through three significant voyages. Through an analysis of travel accounts, archival documents and secondary literature, the study explores how the ship’s transformation into a symbol of French ambition reflects the broader struggles of France’s imperial ventures under Louis XIV. Initially named Black Eagle and infamous for piracy, the vessel was repurposed as Saint-Paul and served in the nascent French East India Company. Its voyages highlight challenges such as disease, lack of maritime expertise and strained resources, which hindered the Company. By examining the ship’s role, this article sheds light on the transnational networks, political rivalries and economic aspirations that shaped France’s entry into the Indian Ocean trade. The study highlights the relationship between a ship’s tumultuous history and the French East India Company’s strategic ambitions and transnational entanglements.

Sultanate of Oman under the Rule of Haitham bin Tariq Al Said

This study aims to analyze the Intentionality of the text in Sultan Haitham’s speeches that draws the features of Oman through the visions and ideas it contains that require community partnership towards a constructive process that completes the renaissance initiated by The Late Sultan Qaboos bin Said. The problem of the study lies in the fact that despite the moral, cognitive and value of the speeches of Sultan Haitham, they didn’t receive ample attention from researchers to reveal their semantic levels and the intent of the text that were included in the linguistic employment within the context of these speeches. In addition, the extent to which the context and circumstances of the speech influence the choice of verb tenses, and the relationship of the context to the time duration and the number of words in each sultan’s speech. The researchers chose the pragmatic theory as an approach in this study. The study concluded that there is consistency between the linguistic lexicon utilized and the intent and conditions of the speech, and the consistency of the time duration of the speech with the communicative message that that the text creator seeks to give. Also there is an impact of the discourse context on the choice of verb tenses, and present tense verbs formed a remarkable presence in contexts that talk about the process of building Oman and future plans, and imperative verbs did not appear in Sultan Haitham’s speeches except in one Qur’anic verse.

The Sultanate of Oman has acceded to CEDAW in 2005. However, Oman has reservations about a few articles of the said Convention because some of its provisions conflict with Islamic Sharia or Oman's national laws, including Article 16 of CEDAW.  Therefore, the objective of this article is to critically analyse Article 16 of CEDAW and the extent to which Oman Personal Status Law addresses marriage and divorce-related issues is compatible or in conflict with the Convention. To accomplish this objective, the research employs doctrinal legal research and an analytical approach to examine the texts of the Convention and their Omani equivalents. The analysis revealed that the courts could enforce the articles of CEDAW to assert rights, except for the provisions that Oman expressed reservations about. Oman has reservations regarding several features outlined in Article 16 of the aforementioned Convention, as they conflict with Islamic Law. The study highlights that the Convention effectively governs certain areas that promote gender equality in family matters, including stipulating that a woman's permission is necessary for marriage and her entitlement to dissolve the marital union by divorce or khulu' under appropriate circumstances. In addition, Oman effectively implements certain provisions of the Convention to strengthen women's rights by modifying domestic legislation. In conclusion, the Oman National Law is consistent with the CEDAW, except for the State's reservations concerning the implementation of Article 16 of the aforementioned Convention.

تُعتبر الدولة الرستمية (160-296هـ/ 777-909م)، التي أسسها عبد الرحمن بن رستم، نموذجًا استثنائيًا للعدالة في التاريخ الإسلامي بعد عصر الخلفاء الراشدين وعهد الخليفة الأموي عمر بن عبد العزيز، حيث دمجت بين الفِكر والسياسة في أول تجربة إباضية مستقرة بالمغرب الإسلامي. تأسست شرعية الدولة الرستمية في فترة عبد الرحمن بن رستم (160-171هـ / 777-787م) على الفكر الإباضي، الذي أرسى مبادئ الشورى والعدل كأساس للحكم. جاءت بيعته نتيجة لمكانته العلمية وتقواه، وفق آليات الاختيار الجماعي. وساهم الخطاب الإباضي في توحيد القبائل البربرية لمقاومة الظلم ورفض الهيمنة العباسية، مما عزز الاستقلال السياسي والثقافي للدولة. اتسم عهده بالتسامح مع المخالفين مذهبيًا، مما ساهم في الاستقرار والازدهار الفكري والاقتصادي. اعتمدت الدراسة الراهنة المنهج التاريخي، والوصفي التحليلي، ونظرية صنع القرار، بهدف عرض الخلفية التاريخية والفِكرية لتأسيس الدولة الرستمية. وتحليل نشأة الدولة الرستمية وتأثير المبادئ الإباضية في تشكيل مشروعيتها السياسية. وتوصلت إلى أن اختيار ابن رستم للإمامة كان بسبب عدله وعدم امتلاكه سند قبلي، مما عزز مراقبة تصرفاته. الاستشهاد المرجعي بالمقال:أسامة محمد أبو نحل، "دور الفكر الإباضي في تشكيل المشروعية السياسية للدولة الرستمية في عهد عبد الرحمن بن رستم (160-171ه / 777-787م)".- دورية كان التاريخية.- السنة الثامنة عشرة- العدد الثاني والسبعون؛ أكتوبر 2025. ص 31 – 44.

المستخلص عرف المسلمون الوقف منذ عهد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، وقامت الدولة الإسلامية على الأوقاف إلى أن أصبح الوقف مصدرًا تمويليًا ضخمًا، موَّل الدولة في مختلف قطاعاتها الدينية، والصحية، والاجتماعية والعسكرية، ملبيًا بذلك الضرورات الخمس من حفظ الدين، والنفس، والعقل، والنسل، والمال، ولابد لاستقامة أي عمل من تنظيم قانوني، ولابد لهذا التنظيم أن تؤطره الشريعة الإسلامية بما يتناسب مع مستجدات العصر في حال الوقف؛ لذا فإن هذه الدراسة تعالج إشكالية التنظيم التشريعي وأثره على واقع تنمية الأوقاف في سلطنة عمان من وجهة نظر المؤسسات الوقفية، وشملت الدراسة عينة قصدية تتكون من 28 فردًا من القائمين على المؤسسات الوقفية في سلطنة عمان، واستخدم البحث المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي لإجراء الدراسة، وخلصت إلى أن هناك تحديات تواجه التنمية الوقفية في سلطنة عمان من وجهة نظر المؤسسات الوقفية تتمثل في انخفاض الكفاءة الإدارية، والتعددية في الاستثمار الوقفي، والشمول في القوانين الوقفية، مما يؤثر على الاستدامة التنموية، ويبرز الحاجة إلى إصلاحات قانونية، وتطوير استثمارات مبتكرة، وتعزيز الحوكمة لضمان استدامة الوقف وتحقيق أثر اقتصادي واجتماعي شامل. كلمات مفتاحية: التشريعات، الوقف، التنمية، المؤسسة الوقفية، القائمين على الأوقاف.

مسئله توحید، مهم‌ترین اصل اعتقادی بین مسلمانان است. توحید به معنای یگانه‌دانستن خداوند در همۀ ابعاد وجودی است و اولین پیام و آموزه دعوت حضرت محمد (ص) در آغاز رسالت به شمار می‌رود؛ دعوت انسان به کلمه «لا اله الا الله». با شهادت بر این کلمه و اذعان به آن که دربرگیرندۀ چیزی جز شهادت بر یکتایی خدا و دوری از شرک نیست، فرد مسلمان خوانده می‌شود. به توحید در آموزه‌های قرآن کریم و روایات پیامبر اکرم (ص) توجه ویژه‌ای شده است که با جستجو در آیات قرآن به اهمیت آن پی خواهیم برد. خداوند متعال به ‌سبب اهمیت این مسئله و برای رفع هرگونه شبهه، سورۀ «توحید» را نازل کرده است و مسئلۀ توحید را در این سوره به انسان‌ها یادآور می‌شود. اباضیه از مذاهب اسلامی پویا و زنده در جهان اسلام است که با توجه به شواهد تاریخ از ابتدایی‌ترین مذاهب و فرقه‌های اسلامی است. شناخت صحیح دیدگاه این فرقه می‌تواند راهگشای حل بسیاری از اختلاف‌ها در جهان اسلام باشد. اباضیان در مباحث توحید از اصطلاح «جملة التوحید» استفاده کرده‌اند و ادعا می‌کنند از اصطلاحات خاص اباضیان است. عالمان اباضیه معتقدند تفکر و نگاه ایشان به توحید، تمام اقسام الحاد و تشبیه و تجسیم را دفع می‌کند. موضوع علم توحید، صفات خداوند متعال، صفات پیامبران الهی و ممکنات است از آن حیث که به ‌وسیله ممکنات وجود صانع ثابت می‌شود. اباضیان افراد منکر توحید را به سه دسته تقسیم می‌کنند و قائل به مشرک‌بودن دو دستۀ اول هستند؛ اما دربارۀ وجه سوم معتقدند این فرد کافر کفر نعمت است. در این مقاله به بررسی دیدگاه اباضیه دربارۀ مسئلۀ توحید می‌پردازیم.

The research addresses the topic of Quran readers in Jabal Nafusa, particularly in the city of Nalut, shedding light on how the Quran was transmitted and preserved. It aims to answer questions regarding the first reader in the area, the methods of memorization used, and the most famous readers. Additionally, it seeks to clarify the role of Nafusa's readers in preserving the Quran and the reasons for its spread in the community. The research is structured into an introduction and two main sections, with the first focusing on the history of readers in Jabal Nafusa and the second on the history of readers in Nalut. The researcher employed a historical narrative approach and analysis to utilize various sources. It is hoped that this work will be a step toward documenting the history of the city's readers.

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This study aims to highlight the importance of the Mozabite heritage in southern Algeria, in terms of its characteristics and features. This includes tangible heritage such as fortified cities (ksour) and towns with their Islamic architectural style, as well as manifestations of intangible heritage found in the customs and traditions that distinguish the Mozabite community and which it has preserved since ancient times. The study concludes that the Mozabite society has remained cohesive through the customs and traditions of their forefathers, passed down through generations. The community has continued to uphold its spiritual and social values to this day. Additionally, some of the ksour in the M‟zab Valley have maintained their architectural style. However, natural and human factors have begun to threaten the integrity of this tangible heritage, making it necessary for the state to intervene in order to restore and protect these ksour from disappearing, as they represent a shared human heritage.