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Marriage; annulment (Islamic law); divorce (Islamic law)

يعنى هذا العمل بالبحث في الإرث الإباضي بمدينة نفطة بالجنوب التونسي، وهو المذهب السائد بمجال بلاد الجريد خلال العصر الوسيط من القرن الثامن إلى القرن الثالث عشر ميلادي، باعتماد مدونة شفوية محلية (سرديات ومرويات وذهنيات) ثم مسائلتها بمؤلفات أعلام الإباضية ببلاد المغرب خلال العصر الوسيط (على غرار الوسياني والورجلاني والدرجيني) وبالمراجع، لاسيما التي تناولت بالدراسة المذهب الإباضي بجنوب إفريقية منها (صالح باجية، الإباضية بالجريد ومحمد المريمي، إباضية جزيرة جربة خلال العصر الحديث)، من أجل المقارنة والتحليل. ويعنى العمل الحالي أيضا بدراسة ميدان البحث، اجتماعيا وأثريا بالمعايشة والتدوين ويناقش عددا من الممارسات العقدية، في العبادة على وجه الخصوص، كمسألة سدل اليدين في الصلاة، ويبحث في الممارسات الاجتماعية والطقوس الموروثة عن بعض فرق الإباضية، وفي المصطلحات اللغوية والإثنوغرافية والطوبونيمية الحالية الراجعة إلى العصر الوسيط، التي صمدت رغم الطمس الاجتماعي والنفي الفكري الموجه. وينظر إضافة إلى ذلك في بعض الظواهر الاجتماعية المتداولة بمجال الدراسة، ليتساءل عن حقيقة انتمائها إلى المذهب الإباضي الأصلي. ويعتمد منهج البحث على الخروج عما هو متداول من أن المقاربة التاريخية ملزمة باعتماد مادي على المصادر والمراجع والآثار في حين يمكن أن تعتمد أيضا على الإرث الشفوي والأنثروبولوجيا ليكونا منطلقين لكتابة قطعة هامة من التاريخ المحلي لم تعره الدراسات السابقة العناية اللازمة.

Four species of Spheciformes wasps belonging to two families and two genera Crabronidae Latreille, 1802 (one species to the genus Tachysphex Kohl, 1883) and Philanthidae Latreille, 1802 (three species to the genus Cerceris Latreille, 1802) are reported for the first time from Djerba Island in Tunisia. The distribution in Tunisia and morphological description for reported species are given and illustrated.

The newly discovered Early Bronze Age site of Ibrāʾ South at the southern outskirts of the modern town of Ibrāʾ offers a range of archaeological features dating to the Umm an‑Nar period. In this paper, the results of the first season of fieldwork conducted by the Goethe University Frankfurt are presented, including a detailed surface survey and finds collection as well as small-scale excavations of two domestic buildings. The site also allows a study of different functional zones within the settlement, among others an area of copper processing and systems of water management, as well as indications of a planned settlement layout.

Research towards the reconstruction of various archaeological landscapes in the Al-Ḥajar mountains is still ongoing. Past investigations in the Wādī Tanūf canyon have revealed long-term transformation of landscapes of higher places, such as hilltops and a cave on a cliff. However, the function of the wadi terraces has not been sufficiently investigated. In the 2022–2023 season, we surveyed the site of WTN07 on a wadi terrace and documented 123 Islamic graves, as well as one probable Wādī Sūq tomb (Tomb 122). A detailed examination indicates that Tomb 122 is a rare collective tomb in North-Central Oman and has composite characteristics represented by a U-shaped chamber, a possible entrance corridor, and an attached annex with a few subsidiary tombs. Furthermore, we have identified eight non-mortuary features, including a newly discovered building (Structure 01) in Wādī Tanūf, as well as a platform (Structure 02) and a long wall (Structure 04). These findings highlight the importance of the terrace in the canyon, given the limited flat space available. We assume that the small terrace running along the river was a place for different activities over time, with most of the evidence related to the movement of people in the trans-Ḥajar region, since the canyon can be considered as a corridor.

The Bisya region is rich in archaeological heritage, with thousands of protohistoric funerary monuments (fourth–first millennium BC), making it an ideal place to study the diversity of burials in the region. This article presents the results of two survey and excavation seasons in the Bisya region. Remote sensing identified over 5500 tombs in a vast area, and ground surveys made it possible to document their variability and spatial distribution. The article discusses the architectural diversity, topographical location, and chronological assignment of these tombs and sheds light on the transition from the Hafit to the Umm an-Nar period as well as on further possible reuses. The excavation of three tombs (Tomb F4170, Tomb F2276, and Tomb F4169), revealed their architectural features and deposits and shed light on their possible dating. The imported pottery found in Tomb F4169 indicates connections with Mesopotamia, Iran, and Baluchistan. Beads, small objects, and copper alloy artefacts were recovered, providing further insight into the burial practices and trade networks of the time. This research in the Bisya region contributes with new data to our understanding of the burial landscape and socio-cultural development during the Early Bronze Age in the Arabian Peninsula, illuminating the architectural evolution and the trade and cultural networks in which the population was involved.

In 2023, a primary goal of the Archaeological Water Histories of Oman (ArWHO) Project fieldwork involved intensive mapping of architecture at sites near Yanqul, Oman to gain a better understanding of social relations during the Iron Age (1300–300 BC) in south-east Arabia. Small settlements (less than 2 ha) proliferated in remote mountainous areas during the Iron Age, reflecting broader changes in social organization. How were mountain communities organized, and what was their larger role in Iron Age societies that were engaged in wide-reaching networks producing and trading copper and softstone? Through mapping of architecture, surface collections, and test excavation, our ongoing research examines how small communities in the mountains and piedmonts were socially configured. Here we report on three of the four sites studied in early 2023: ʿAqīr al‑Shamūs, Ḥayy Ukur, and al-ʿAqar. Mapping of the fourth site, Raki 2, relies on alternative methods that are still being processed and will be reported in detail elsewhere. Our work has begun evaluating differences in the size, shape, abundance, and construction of architecture and surrounding water management and field systems. Preliminary results reveal a dense architectural plan with a possible public building at al-ʿAqar and broad similarities in architectural plans between ʿAqīr al-Shamūs, a specialized softstone production site, and Ḥayy Ukur, which lacks evidence of specialized production, suggesting autonomy as a likely social driver of the Iron Age settlement pattern.

Analyses of archaeological fuel remains can provide insight into pyrotechnologies, resource management, and the local environment. In this paper, we examine archaeological charcoals from Hafit period (3300–2700 BC) levels in Building V at al‑Khashbah (al-Khashaba), Oman, to understand fuel harvesting and burning preferences associated with early copper production. Building V is currently thought to be the earliest identified copper-production site in Oman based on the presence of abundant pyrotechnological remains, copper slag, and stratified radiocarbon results. Here, we build on previous anthracological work reconstructing woodland composition from the site. Anthracologists are increasingly recognising that fuelwood collection is often based on social or functional grounds rather than species availability. To that end, we have combined traditional taxonomic analysis with the application of dendro-anthracological methods to examine how intensive wood harvesting was for copper production and whether it had effects on the local vegetation. Dendrological reconstruction of wood calibre and condition at burning combined with spatial patterning of remains provides a more nuanced view of these preferences than can be achieved through taxonomic analysis alone.

The early Islamic period was marked by a resurgence in large-scale copper production in south-east Arabia. This is in contrast to the preceding era (early first millennium BCE to the mid-first millennium CE) and its notable lack of evidence of copper production. Various external and internal factors, including a flourishing Indian Ocean trade and environmental limitations, have been suggested as factors in this renewal and in its subsequent decline. However, the socio-political and economic factors that formed the framework for industrial growth during this transformative period are rarely considered. This paper delves deeper into the socio-political background of the early Islamic period in relation to industrial growth in south-east Arabia. To bridge the gap between historical and archaeological evidence, we also present new data from surveys and excavations conducted at early Islamic industrial sites in Wadī al‑Rākī, Oman. These findings offer new insights into the history of large-scale copper processing in the region.

انتشر الإسلام في ربوع بلاد السودان الغربي في وقت مبكر، ويعود الفضل في ذلك لمختلف التجار الدعاة الذين استطاعوا بمعاملاتهم التجارية وأخلاقهم الإسلامية السامية أن يؤثروا في عامة شعوب جنوب الصحراء وخاصتهم، وكان التجار الإباضيون من بين أولئك الذين أسلمت على أيديهم جحافل كبيرة من ساكنة المنطقة. فالتجارة الإباضية موغلة في القدم مع تلك الربوع، وقد تحدثت عنها كتب التاريخ فضلا عن كتب الرحلات والجغرافية، وانفردت بذكر أسمائهم المصادر التاريخية الإباضية التي تم تأليفها خلال الفترة الوسيطة مثل: سير الورجلاني وطبقات الدرجيني وسير الشماخي. بتتبّعنا وفق مسار كرونولوجي لقائمة أولئك التجار؛ وجدنا بأن التجارة والتجار الاباضيون كانوا في وتيرة متباينة عبر القرون، وأن التجارة الإباضية كانت ذات أبعاد دينية واجتماعية وسياسية فضلا عن البعد الاقتصادي الرئيس، وأن الأشخاص الذين تداولت أسماؤهم مختلف كتب السير والطبقات لم يكونوا ذوو مستوى عال من العلم، أو مناصب عليا في بلدانهم، لكن أمانتهم ونزاهتهم في معاملاتهم التجارية جعلت سكان مناطق بلاد السودان وممالكها تعتنق الإسلام أفواجا. Islam spread throughout Western Sudan at an early date, who, through their commercial dealings and their lofty Islamic morals, were able to influence the generality of the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa and their own. The Ibadi merchants were among those through whom large hordes of the region’s inhabitants converted to Islam. Ibadi trade with those regions is very ancient, and the Ibadi historical sources that were written during the intermediate period are the only ones mentioned by their names, such as: The Biography of Tabaqat Al-Darjini,. By following a chronological path to the list of these merchants; We found that Ibadi merchants were at a different pace over the centuries, and that had religious, social, and political dimensions in addition to the main economic dimension, However, their honesty and integrity in their commercial dealings made the inhabitants of Sudan’s regions and kingdoms embrace Islam in droves.