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Historical traditions of several pre-colonial African societies are awash with stories of titled women who played prominent roles in the continent’s political history, such as the Candaces of ancient Kush and Queen Nzinga’s dynasty in Angola.
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وسام في سلطنة عُمان وزنجبار يُقلّد به الأشراف والأعيان ورجال السلطنة. ومثال ذلك فقد قلّد السلطان علي بن حمود سلطان زنجبار سنة ١٣١٨ه / ١٩٠٠م تقريباً السيد خليفة بن حارب وسام الكوكب الدري السلطاني من الدرجة الأولى. وقلّد السلطان تيمور هذا الوسام لسليمان الباروني باشا.
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Swahili Arabic: Imitation, Islam, and the Semiotics of Race in Zanzibar by Caitlyn Bolton: This chapter traces the shifting historical modes by which racialized discourses about the “Swahili” have been marshalled to claim imitation and authenticity in Islamic practice in East Africa. When Zanzibar was made Oman’s capital in the 19th century, it initiated a period of Arabization. Both Arabness and Islamic authority were established through genealogy, and the Swahili term for “civilization” became ustaarabu, meaning “to become Arab-like.” Under British colonialism, the Swahili people were branded as a “mixed breed,” both Arab and African, and particularly prone to imitation. As such, their Islamic identity was deemed inauthentic and simply an imitation of Arabs without true belief. As racial tensions mounted ahead of independence, many Swahili began to identify instead as “Shirazi,” based on fictive descent from Persia. Shirazi identity allowed Zanzibaris to claim the Islamic authority associated with a great Islamic civilization while also asserting more authentic claims to indigeneity in Zanzibar compared to “alien” Arabs. Postcolonial Islamic reform movements also branded the Swahili as prone to imitation—but of the West, particularly in clothing. Given the unreliability of phenotypical racial classifications in Zanzibar, the Swahili employ semiotics to signal their racial and Islamic identity, particularly through language (Swahili-Arabic code switching) and clothing.
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Résumé À Zanzibar, l'intervention de l'État colonial tendit à briser la structure des réseaux sociaux basés sur le don rituel, stimula l'émergence de comportements individualistes et se substitua aux dispositifs traditionnels de régulations des échanges. L'article reprend le déroulement de certaines affaires litigieuses concernant le principe de dévolution des biens patrimoniaux dans la société swahili rurale. Une sociologie de l'action coloniale conduit l'auteur à montrer combien l'établissement de rapports de droit conspira finalement, dans le contexte de la société swahili, à mettre en veilleuse des rapports de dons.
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The succession crisis in Zanzibar, which eventually brought Barghash b. Saʿīd to the throne, and its broader significance, being the disputes over foreign policy between the government of India and the government of Bombay, and the rivalries between both of them and the foreign office and the colonial office.
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It is 1964, a month after independence celebrations in the spice islands of Zanzibar, off the east coast of Africa. A brutal uprising takes place apparently led by a shadowy figure, John Okello. In the capital, Stone Town, a British official, Mark Hamilton, struggles to help the Sultan's government survive while protecting his young family. In the countryside, Ahmed al-Ibrahim, a Zanzibari Arab father, faces annihilation and a terrible decision. Fatima is his twelve-year-old daughter, and her life is changed forever by the violence that now sweeps across the islands. Fatima's survival through this chaos and the thirty years of rule by despotic Presidents takes all her courage and the kindness of other families. Elizabeth, Mark Hamilton's young daughter, also remembers the day of the Revolution and their escape across the seas. Her story too is touched by tragedy. Fatima and Elizabeth are connected in a way that takes almost fifty years to be revealed. Elizabeth will return to Zanzibar to fulfil her father's final request. The life journeys of the two women are different. The common link is the day of the Revolution and the act of a desperate man.
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