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This dissertation is a history of the Omani Empire focused primarily on the first half of the nineteenth century. I use the reign of Oman’s longest serving ruler, Saʿid bin Sultan (1804/6-1856), as a lens for highlighting the formative role the Omani Empire played in uniting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans into a shared oceanic marketplace, a crucial step in the emergence of modern global capitalism. It is based on archival research and published primary sources from throughout Oman, Zanzibar, India, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This work reveals the Omani Empire as a new, mostly overlooked space for seeing how entrepreneurs and statesmen combined imperial agendas, slave labor, and the singular pursuit of profit in uniting disparate markets into global circuits of exchange. Across six chapters, I unravel the process by which Zanzibar, the empire’s capital, became a monied metropolis bursting with entrepreneurs from throughout the world, trading in the most coveted consumer goods of the time. By using an oceanic framework, I bring into focus an entire history of empire and capitalism that has been largely overlooked by many Middle East and Islamic world historians because of a conventional adherence to terrestrial units of analysis. Most broadly, I aim to show how the makings of the modern world lie as much in places like East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula as in places like England or New England. Accordingly, I use the Omani Empire as a platform for arguing that the formation of global capitalism resulted from relatively new maritime markets throughout the Atlantic Ocean being incorporated into the longer standing Indian Ocean world.
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Seyyid Said bin Sultan BuSaid, ruler of Oman (1806 – 1856) and of Oman and Zanzibar (1836– 1856) owed his Omani throne to his fraternal aunt. He married her daughter, his cousin, and cast a wide net for nocturnal partners—slaves from mainly the Black Sea and Abyssinia. He married two Persian royals, and courted the Queen of Madagascar. This paper covers the major events in Said’s life from the death of his father, Sultan, in 1904 when his aunt stepped in to aid him (and a brother with whom he became co-ruler for a few years), until Said’s death at sea in 1856. Suffering losses of territory his predecessors had gained in the Persian Gulf, Said created a domestic empire in Zanzibar.
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