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كتاب ««العبارات»» للإمام «عبد الله بن يزيد الفزاري» أحد النصوص التأسيسية في علم الكلام الإباضي، ويُمثّل حلقةً مهمة في تطوّر الفكر العقدي الإباضي في مرحلة النضج الميتافيزيقي التي تلت الجدل الكلامي المبكر حول صفات الله وأفعاله.والكتاب رسالة موجزة في بيان «الوحدانية والتنزيه لله تعالى والعلم بصفات ذاته وأفعاله»، وضعها الفزاري باختصار مقصود بقوله: «أردنا بكتابنا هذا جمل الأصول فيقاس عليها ما لم نذكر».
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Abstract This study examines two late 2nd/8th century books that have been edited and published recently: Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Yazīd al-Fazārī (d. c.185/800)’s Kitāb al-Rudūd (The Book of Responses) and Ḍirār b. ʿAmr al-Ġaṭāfānī’s (d. c.200/810) Kitāb al-Taḥrīš (The Book of Provocation). Both texts shed light on the emergence of ʿilm al-kalām (scholastic theology) in early Islam and its relationship to books and treatises on the Islamic firaq (sects) – a relationship which until now has not been sufficiently examined. In comparing these two texts, we focus on the specific topics they share, the methodologies they use, and the technical terms they employ. We conclude that the emergence of ʿilm al-kalām, as well as the Islamic “contemplative disciplines” in general, occurred not primarily, as is often surmised, as a result of external Greek philosophical influence but rather as the result of a politico-theological debate that took place within Muslim communities. We also reconsider the nature of intellectual life during the early Abbasid period.
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This paper discusses the broader historiographical significance of recently published Ibadi texts dated to the 8th century CE. The valuable nature of these works can be demonstrated in their documentation of paradigmatic precepts and conceptual models of philosophical theology or kalam which subsequently went on to have broader influence in Islamic doctrine, exegesis, and law as a whole. Such examples indicate the methodological incumbency of incorporating Ibadi thought for the sake of properly historicizing “reason and revelation” as a category of analysis for Islamic thought. The very bifurcation of reason and revelation as distinct epistemic resources for Islamic theology finds its earliest documentation in the particular text which receives the most attention in this paper: the Radd ‘ala Ibn ‘Umayr by Abd Allah b. Yazid al-Fazari. The juxtaposition of these two resources, their role in the proof of the existence of God and prophethood, and the epistemic role and limits of human thought in determining moral value or religious injunction (which defined more commonly known debates between Mu’tazilites, Ash’aris, and other schools of thought), can all be discerned here in embryo, and likewise accompanied by surprisingly developed argumentation pointing to even earlier developmental stages. This paper offers an exposition of the abovementioned material in conversation with recent discussions by Wilferd Madelung along with a genealogy of its subsequent reception history in later traditions. This will be accompanied by historiographical reflections on the necessity of acknowledgement of these sources beyond specialists in Ibadism to include specialists in Islamic Thought as a whole.
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‘Abd Allāh b. Yazīd al-Fazārī (2nd/8th century) was one of the leading early Islamic theologians. His works are still among the most reliable and accessible to scholars and this text is a significant new addition to al Fazari’s texts that were previously published (IHC. 104/IHC. 182). This present study is based on a discussion of al-Fazārī’s teachings with the title Kitāb fī al-Tawḥīd, which is a commentary on his lost work by an anonymous North African Ibadi theologian and is unique because it is among the few known works which describe the doctrine of the early Ibadis. The addition of this text to al -Fazārī’s previously discovered writings provides us with further information about the early Ibadis’ theological views; more importantly, however, it also enables us to trace the development of the terminology they used and understand how and why it changed, as well as the intellectual aspects of the Islamic theological debates during the 2nd/8th century. This study successfully establishes that the opinions of this Ibadi school of theology have remained the same from one generation to the next - among the eastern Ibadis in Oman, Yemen and Hadhramawt as well as the western Ibadis in North Africa. It refutes previous speculation which maintained that al Fazārī’s views were on the decline in Ibadi circles from the middle of the 5th/11th century, since the evidence shows that the precise opposite was the case. In fact, this study shows that his theological teachings were still being followed in the 20th century by the Ibadis in Oman and North Africa.
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1 The Book of Rebuttals / كتاب الردود 2 The Epistle to Abū Qudāma and Abū Khālid / كتاب إلى أبي قدامة وأبي خالد 3 The Book of Legal Opinions كتاب الفتيا / 4 The Book of Monotheism on the Knowledge of God / كتاب التوحيد في معرفة الله 5 The Book of Divine Expressions / كتاب العبارات الإلهية 6. The Book about Matters on Which Ignorance Is Permissible and Matters on Which Ignorance Is Impermissible / كتاب ما يسع جهله وما لا يسع جهله 7 The Book on the Categories and Regulations كتاب الأسماء والأحكام
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