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Dinlerin teşekkül süreçlerini takip eden gelişim dönemleri pek çok teolojik tartışmalara sahne olmuştur. İslam Dini’nin fikrî açıdan gelişim yaşadığı ve din içinde mezhepleşmenin başladığı ilk asırlarda Müslümanlar kendi aralarında muhtelif sebeplerle farklı teolojik tartışmalar yaşamışlardır. Bu tartışmalar İslam Dini içerisinde pek çok itikâdî mezhebin oluşmasını etkilemesinin yanı sıra tartışma konularına ilişkin yoğun bir telif faaliyetinin başlamasına da yol açmıştır. Bu faaliyetlerin sonucu olarak düşünce geleneğine kazandırılan eserlerin bir kısmı günümüze ulaşmıştır. İslam’da ilk teşekkül eden mezhepler arasında kabul edilen İbâzî Mezhebi’nin Kûfe’deki temsilcilerinden Abdullah b. Yezîd el-Fezârî’nin kelâmî problemler içeren eserleri de bu çalışmalar arasında yer alır. Fezârî’nin eserleri Wilferd Madelung ve Abdulrahman al-Sâlimî, Early Ibādī Theology: Six Kalām Texts by ʿAbd Allāh b. Yazīd al-Fazārī adıyla neşredilmiştir. Çalışmamızda Fezârî’nin hayatı ve mezhebî duruşu ve onun bahsedilen eserleri arasında yer alan İbâzî mezhebinin temel ilkelerinin açıklandığı Kitâbü’t-tevhîd’i incelenecektir. Amacımız İslam’ın ilk dönemlerinde, ana akım dışında kalan bir itikâdî mezhebin ilk dönem kaynakları üzerinden inanç esaslarını ortaya koymak ve Müslümanların inanç farklılıklarının oluşum aşamasında gündeme aldıkları problemleri otantik bir kaynak üzerinden serimlemektir. Görebildiğimiz kadarıyla soru cevap yöntemini merkeze alan eserinde Fezârî, iman, iman-amel, insanların inançlarına ve amellerine göre tasnifi, İbazî olmayan Müslümanlara (ehl-i kıble) nasıl davranılacağının ilkleri ve ilâhî sıfatlar gibi konuları ele almaktadır. Fezârî eserinde hem aklî hem de naklî delillere yer vermektedir. Kitâbü’t-tevhîd, klasik kelâm metinlerinde yer alan konu tertibine bağlı olmayıp İbâzî mezhebinin genel esaslarını önem sırasına göre aktarmaktadır. Eserinde açıkça bir mezhebi ya da kişiyi doğrudan hedef almayan Fezârî zaman zaman İbâzî mezhebi içinden ismini zikretmediği kişileri eleştirmektedir. İlaveten, Fezârî’nin eseri, güçlü diyalektik içeriğe sahip olmanın yanında, açık yalın bir anlatıma sahiptir.

كتاب ««العبارات»» للإمام «عبد الله بن يزيد الفزاري» أحد النصوص التأسيسية في علم الكلام الإباضي، ويُمثّل حلقةً مهمة في تطوّر الفكر العقدي الإباضي في مرحلة النضج الميتافيزيقي التي تلت الجدل الكلامي المبكر حول صفات الله وأفعاله.والكتاب رسالة موجزة في بيان «الوحدانية والتنزيه لله تعالى والعلم بصفات ذاته وأفعاله»، وضعها الفزاري باختصار مقصود بقوله: «أردنا بكتابنا هذا جمل الأصول فيقاس عليها ما لم نذكر».

Abstract This study examines two late 2nd/8th century books that have been edited and published recently: Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Yazīd al-Fazārī (d. c.185/800)’s Kitāb al-Rudūd (The Book of Responses) and Ḍirār b. ʿAmr al-Ġaṭāfānī’s (d. c.200/810) Kitāb al-Taḥrīš (The Book of Provocation). Both texts shed light on the emergence of ʿilm al-kalām (scholastic theology) in early Islam and its relationship to books and treatises on the Islamic firaq (sects) – a relationship which until now has not been sufficiently examined. In comparing these two texts, we focus on the specific topics they share, the methodologies they use, and the technical terms they employ. We conclude that the emergence of ʿilm al-kalām, as well as the Islamic “contemplative disciplines” in general, occurred not primarily, as is often surmised, as a result of external Greek philosophical influence but rather as the result of a politico-theological debate that took place within Muslim communities. We also reconsider the nature of intellectual life during the early Abbasid period.

عالم فقيه، من علماء أوائل القرن الثالث الهجري. عاش بالكوفة. أخذ العلم عن الربيع بن حبيب بالبصرة. من أقرانه: أبو المؤرج وعبد الله بن عبد العزيز. كان خرازا يلقي دروسه في محله بالكوفة. ثم انتقل إلى المغرب في عهد الإمام عبد الوهاب، وفتنة يزيد بن فندين. له مقالات وفتاوى، وله كتب في الفقه، وكتب في علم الكلام باسم "كتاب الردود"، وكتاب "الرد على الروافض" حيث رد عليه زيدي في كتابه النجاة (مطبوع)، وله كتاب النهروان. وتنسب إليه أقوال خالف فيها الإباضية، فكان زعيما للنكار، وكتابه الردود أظهر فيها مقالاتهم. المصادر: الدرجيني، طبقات المشايخ، 2/477. معجم أعلام إباضية المغرب، 3/589. السابعي، الخوارج والحقيقة الغائبة، 30-31. أحمد الناصر، كتاب النجاة. أجوبة ابن خلفون، 115. البرادي، الجواهر المنتقاة.

عالم مغربي من المتقدِّمين، له مقالات وفتاوى وكتب في الفقه، وله كتاب في علم الكلام، عنوانه: «الردُّ على الروافض». ولهذا الردِّ ردٌّ ألَّفه زيديٌّ، ذكره صاحب كتاب “النجاة”. ذكر النامي خطأً أنَّ «التوحيد الكبير» لعيسى بن علقمة المصري ردٌّ على كتاب عبد الله الفزَّاري.

This paper discusses the broader historiographical significance of recently published Ibadi texts dated to the 8th century CE. The valuable nature of these works can be demonstrated in their documentation of paradigmatic precepts and conceptual models of philosophical theology or kalam which subsequently went on to have broader influence in Islamic doctrine, exegesis, and law as a whole. Such examples indicate the methodological incumbency of incorporating Ibadi thought for the sake of properly historicizing “reason and revelation” as a category of analysis for Islamic thought. The very bifurcation of reason and revelation as distinct epistemic resources for Islamic theology finds its earliest documentation in the particular text which receives the most attention in this paper: the Radd ‘ala Ibn ‘Umayr by Abd Allah b. Yazid al-Fazari. The juxtaposition of these two resources, their role in the proof of the existence of God and prophethood, and the epistemic role and limits of human thought in determining moral value or religious injunction (which defined more commonly known debates between Mu’tazilites, Ash’aris, and other schools of thought), can all be discerned here in embryo, and likewise accompanied by surprisingly developed argumentation pointing to even earlier developmental stages. This paper offers an exposition of the abovementioned material in conversation with recent discussions by Wilferd Madelung along with a genealogy of its subsequent reception history in later traditions. This will be accompanied by historiographical reflections on the necessity of acknowledgement of these sources beyond specialists in Ibadism to include specialists in Islamic Thought as a whole.

‘Abd Allāh b. Yazīd al-Fazārī (2nd/8th century) was one of the leading early Islamic theologians. His works are still among the most reliable and accessible to scholars and this text is a significant new addition to al Fazari’s texts that were previously published (IHC. 104/IHC. 182). This present study is based on a discussion of al-Fazārī’s teachings with the title Kitāb fī al-Tawḥīd, which is a commentary on his lost work by an anonymous North African Ibadi theologian and is unique because it is among the few known works which describe the doctrine of the early Ibadis. The addition of this text to al -Fazārī’s previously discovered writings provides us with further information about the early Ibadis’ theological views; more importantly, however, it also enables us to trace the development of the terminology they used and understand how and why it changed, as well as the intellectual aspects of the Islamic theological debates during the 2nd/8th century. This study successfully establishes that the opinions of this Ibadi school of theology have remained the same from one generation to the next - among the eastern Ibadis in Oman, Yemen and Hadhramawt as well as the western Ibadis in North Africa. It refutes previous speculation which maintained that al Fazārī’s views were on the decline in Ibadi circles from the middle of the 5th/11th century, since the evidence shows that the precise opposite was the case. In fact, this study shows that his theological teachings were still being followed in the 20th century by the Ibadis in Oman and North Africa.

1 The Book of Rebuttals / كتاب الردود 2 The Epistle to Abū Qudāma and Abū Khālid / كتاب إلى أبي قدامة وأبي خالد 3 The Book of Legal Opinions كتاب الفتيا / 4 The Book of Monotheism on the Knowledge of God / كتاب التوحيد في معرفة الله 5 The Book of Divine Expressions / كتاب العبارات الإلهية 6. The Book about Matters on Which Ignorance Is Permissible and Matters on Which Ignorance Is Impermissible / كتاب ما يسع جهله وما لا يسع جهله 7 The Book on the Categories and Regulations كتاب الأسماء والأحكام