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During the early nineteenth century, the Omani outpost of Zanzibar emerged as a leading marketplace in the Western Indian Ocean. The island's economic expansion depended heavily on a community of well-connected Indian merchants. The port's rising fortunes also attracted traders from farther afield. By 1826, American merchants had reached the island. Although Americans had decades of experience in the region, they struggled to turn a profit on Zanzibar. Over time, American traders realized that commercial success depended on a strong relationship with the island's Indian community. By the 1840s, the American consul, Richard Waters, and Zanzibar's custom master, Jairam Shivji, had formed a lucrative arrangement exchanging commodities. Waters, Shivji, and their peers developed a commercial framework that melded key precepts of Indian Ocean trade with their Atlantic equivalents. Aided by bilingual commodity contracts, trade between the United States and Zanzibar flourished. In time, the island served as a crucial springboard for American ventures to India. With the help of Parsi firms, Waters and his successors incorporated Bombay into their trade routes. In turn, the city's economic expansion reshaped trade in East Africa. By the American Civil War, commercial intelligence and British credit from Bombay contributed to Americans' success on Zanzibar.
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In compiling the following vocabulary of 'Omanee words, the principal aim has been to give only such words as exhibit the dialectical peculiarities mentioned in the preceding Part, and not to furnish a complete list of words in common use in O'mán. Technical words, or words employed in agriculture, trade, arts, manufactures, etc., have been intentionally omitted, as they would be beyond the scope and extent of the present paper. Most of the words, it will be seen, are of Arabic origin, and the dialectical sense, wherever it differs from the original, is either metaphorical or an extension of the sense conveyed by the original root.
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Originally published in English in 1928, this volume deals mainly with Anglo-German relations at the end of the 19th Century. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck’s voice can be heard clearly in the documents which give an extensive picture of the alternating phases of relations between Great Britain and Germany, as influenced by their respective obligations and interests in the international issues which united or divided the Powers over a period of twenty years. The strongest impression which these documents leave is the revelation of how greatly the mentality of the western world changed since they were drafted, and especially during the decade which came after World War I. The shaping of policy, as exhibited in these despatches and memoranda, is governed almost exclusively by the ultimate idea of war as the deciding factor. The menace of war and the prospects of success or failure in aggression or defence appear to be the essential motives of policy.
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Ce travail présente une étude qualitative et quantitative du trouble atmosphérique au site de Ghardaïa. Il s’agit de la détermination du facteur de trouble de Linke T*L, à partir des mesures instantanées données par une station radio métrique, qui utilise un système de poursuite à trois dimensions. Les mesures effectuées ont permis de déterminer ce coefficient, et de prédire sa variation annuelle et mensuelle qui présente un maximum au moi d’août (l’absorption par la vapeur d’eau est importante et une faible diffusion par les aérosols) et aussi une valeur importante du trouble au mois de juin (forte diffusion par les grains de sables), et un minimum en hiver (faible absorption par la vapeur d’eau et faible diffusion par les aérosols), à l’exception d’une période courte des tempêtes de sable (entre Mars et Mai) où la diffusion des aérosols grain de sable est prépondérante. D’après notre étude et nos observations sur site, on a constaté qu’il y a deux saisons principales à Ghardaïa (chevauchement des deux saisons).
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Most sociological and ethnographical studies of Israeli Mizrahim are disconnected from those of Sephardic and MENA Jewish communities worldwide. Rooted in academic cultures that predate the country's establishment, Mizrahi history in Israel is often deemed either a success story or a shameful story of marginalization in these communities' global histories, and as a sui generis case of Jewish migration. We trace the early origins of this seemingly arbitrary disconnect to nineteenth-century European scholarship on "Sephardic" turned "Oriental" Jews and follow its subsequent entrenchment not only in Mandate Palestine and Israel but also in the United States. By focusing on key scholars working across transregional networks, we show how a Sephardic bias evolved into disciplinary divisions that have constrained the development of MENA Jewish studies. Finally, we call for renewed attention to the historical and contemporary patterns of separation, diffusion, and diasporic mobility that have long characterized MENA Jewish communities.
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Dhofar, the southern governorate of Oman, lies within a distinctive ecological zone due to the summer Southwest Monsoon. It is home to numerous indigenous succulent plants, the most famous of which is frankincense (Boswellia sacra). The region, tied in the past to both Oman and Yemen, has a long and distinguished archaeological past stretching back to the Lower Paleolithic ca. 1.5 my BP. Dhofar is also home to a distinctive people, the Modern South Arabian Languages speakers (MSAL) since at least the last 15,000 years. Ancient Zafar (Al-Habudi), now called Al-Baleed, and its successor Salalah was and is the province's largest city. From the seventh century onwards until the arrival of the Portuguese in 1504 AD Al-Baleed dominated the central southern Arabian coastline politically and economically. Archaeological surveys and excavations in the governorate, beginning in 1954, have brought to light Dhofar's ancient past
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This article aims to study whether the increase of agricultural settlements in the Sultanate of Oman during the Late Islamic period (c. 1500-1950) was related to pre-oil globalization, as attested in the wider Gulf region. This is done by analysing the archaeological dataset of the agricultural village of Sahlat, with a focus on the ceramic material, located in the Suhar region. The assemblages collected by the Wadi al-Jizzi Archaeological Project, point to its occupation from c. 1750 to 1930. During this time period, the coastal towns of southeastern Arabia were heavily influenced by globalization processes, but the effects and reach of trade on rural communities remains poorly known. In this paper, Sahlat is compared to two contemporary sites connected to the same falaj system, and two other sites in the Gulf region. The results indicate that pre-oil globalization did not only impact coastal towns, but that rural settlements such as Sahlat experienced similar transformations. It is suggested that pre-oil globalization was not only linked to the pearling trade, but that the export of dates should also be taken into consideration when studying this topic.
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La myiase conjonctivale est une affection caractérisée par la présence accidentelle de larves de mouches au niveau de la conjonctive. Nous rapportons 11 cas de myiase conjonctivale afin d’attirer l’attention des ophtalmologistes sur cette rare pathologie, éclaircir son diagnostic, son traitement et ses complications. Les signes cliniques étaient ceux d’un corps étranger évoluant d’une façon bruyante. Le diagnostic a reposé sur la détection des larves à l’examen à la lampe à fente, larves qui ont été identifiées comme celles du premier stade d’Oestrus ovis. Le traitement consistant à l’extraction des larves une à une a été suivi du soulagement immédiat des malades. En conclusion, un traitement adéquat et précoce prévient l’évolution vers les complications sévères de l’ophtalmomyiase interne.
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