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Archaeological campaigns conducted during 2016 and 2017 at the site of Inqitat (Al Hamr al-Sharqiya), in the area of Khor Rori (Dhofar), produced an interesting assemblage of jewellery of various materials. The characteristics of the site are exceptional because they show traces of occupation from (prehistoric times)/ Prehistory right up to the Islamic period. Its geographical position(location), near Sumhuram, and its socio-political situation explain why bead assemblage here is so important. The use of particular stones indicates the presence of links with the area of the Persian Gulf and the Eastern part of the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the discovery of some tools used for the production of the beads demonstrates a local production of some of these. The long life of the site could help to identify typical materials of each period thus allowing for a more complete comprehension of Dhofar and of the international connections of the area.
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The archaeological campaign at Khor Rori made a significant contribution to the understanding of the history and culture of the region. It focused on three main objectives: to increase knowledge of the KR-N1 necropolis, to determine the chronology and function of previously discovered structures, and to understand the land use of the Dhofar Coastal Culture and the Ancient South Arabians. To achieve these objectives, exploratory investigations were carried out in three different structures to determine their chronology, cultural affiliation, and possible use. At the same time, the study of the KR-N1 necropolis continued, with particular emphasis on dolmenic cysts and multiple cist tombs. This excavation provided valuable insights into the chronology, depositional features and mortuary practices of the Dhofar Coastal Culture. In addition, we summarise here the preliminary results of the archaeological campaign at Wadi Andhūr, part of the HELFA programme under the DHOMIAP project. The campaign aimed to explore the archaeologically rich area of Wadi Andhūr. Notable discoveries include confirmation of the South Arabian origin of the site DMa0610 and an inscribed stone of South Arabian origin. Further research is needed to answer questions about the site’s chronology, use and links with other settlements.
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This paper presents the integrated study of a distinctive bleach-decorated (bleached or etched) carnelian bead (S3074) discovered at the South Arabian port of Sumhuram (Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman), a Hadrami trading outpost active within regional and transoceanic trade networks between 100 BCE and 400 CE. Originating from a technology developed in the Greater Indus Valley during the 3rd millennium BCE, bleached carnelian beads remained markers of long-distance trade in the Early Historic and Medieval periods. Stylistic comparisons and SEM-based drilling diagnostics revealed that the Sumhuram specimen, the first securely identified example of this bead type in South-western Arabia, is consistent with production in north-western India. Its discovery in an urban context rather than a funerary assemblage raises interpretive questions about its circulation and meaning. While it may reflect structured trade flows linking Gujarat with South-eastern Arabia, the possibility that it was the personal possession of a South Asian individual temporarily residing in Sumhuram is equally plausible. This case ultimately exemplifies the entanglement of material culture, mobility, and identity in a cosmopolitan port city. Beyond economic exchange, the bead provides insight into personal histories and cross-cultural interactions across the Western Indian Ocean during the Late Iron Age.
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