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Cette thèse renvoie à la fondation politico-théologique du mouvement kharijite aux premiers siècles de l’islam. L’école ibadite est l’un des mouvements kharijites qui représentent l’opposition politique à l’islam classique au premier siècle. Cette étude ne présente pas uniquement la pensée théologique et les racines historiques de l’école ibadite. Elle s’est employée à observer l’instant crucial de l’histoire où le texte sacré a commencé à imprégner la vie quotidienne, menant ensuite aux multiples visages de l’islam, ce que l’on nomme aujourd’hui l’islam pratique, l’islam politique, l’islam théologique, l’islam juridique, etc. Cette thèse a essaye�� de faire analyser des questions théologiques qui sont dépendantes de deux contextes distincts : 1. Un contexte philosophique qui concerne toute question philosophique empruntée à la culture préislamique, telle la théorie de l’atome. D’autres encore, davantage métaphysiques, comme la théorie de l’essence divine et ses attributs ; la théorie de l’acte humain, etc. Ces problématiques sont apparues chronologiquement au cours du 2e/VIIIe siècle. 2. Un contexte épistémologique lié au cadre sociopolitique dans lequel évolue la communauté musulmane. Sa compréhension permet d’appréhender les hiérarchies religieuses de l’être humain, autrement dit l’application des hiérarchies de la divinité à l’être humain (croyant parfois et mécréant quelquefois, pieux ou hypocrite, etc.). Cette thèse a essayé autant que possible de suivre les étapes historiques et théologiques parcourues par l’école ibadite du 1er/7e au 7e/13e siècle. Cette école est considérée comme une extension historique et politique des mouvements kharijites en général, et ce sont ces derniers qui incarnent l’opposition politique en islam, qui ont ensuite soulevé les questions théologiques liées aux termes coraniques. Studying the history of the Ibadhi school and its creed represents a crucial element in academic studies. The present study is not just one of the few academic dissertations that worked to analyze the history and theology of Ibadism thought, but also belongs to an important field about the political Islamic foundation in the early centuries. That is the Khawariji (outsiders) thought which is an important part of the opposition in the political Islam, as well as Shiite ideology in general. This dissertation attempted somewhat to cover all the historical periods of Ibadhi theological school. This school is a political, historical, and theological extension of Kawarij who founded the political Islam in the 1st century and were active in establishing the conceptual principles for theological Islam through provoking the issues about the reality of the believer, hypocrite, disobeyer, etc. 1. This dissertation studied the development of concepts, their theological connotations, and their link to the social political situation in which they were generated and developed. Then, it analyzed the theological issues related to such concepts. 2. This study observed the change of Ibadhism from being a political movement to the foundation of a theological school that could establish an independent state in Oman. 3. An attempt to document the thematic development of theological issues in Ibadhism from the 1st century to the 7th century, and study their theological concepts and connotations, and their link to the social political situation of theology in Ibadhism. 4. This study conducted thematic and time comparison with the Ash’ari and Muatazela schools though considering the development of the related theological concepts and connotations from the 1st to the 7th century. 5. This study is restricted to the most prominent theological issues which actually lead to the foundation of theology, such as the issues of atom, divine entity, action of humans, vision, creation of the Quran. These are the issues that are major in theology and distinguish theological schools.
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This study examines pluralism and its impact on the political and religious balance in Omani Society, whether religious, linguistic, ethnic, and confessional pluralism or geographical and cultural pluralism. It frames the issue within its geographical and historical contexts and provides an anthropological account of structural patterns in a Gulf state which has rarely been studied. The research will observe three types of discourse, each of which attempts to redefine the components of Omani society and culture. The religious discourse and its significant effect on religious tolerance is the most dynamic discourse. In this context, the convergence of sectarian religious discourse in Oman will be discussed along with the extent to which the Omani Sultanate is influenced by the widespread sectarianism in the Greater Middle East today. The cultural discourse will also be discussed in its contemporary modern form, despite being structurally, sociologically, and politically incomplete. Finally, the paper also explores political discourse and its consolidation of pluralism as a concept in Omani society.
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