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L’ibāḍisme reste le parent pauvre des études d’islamologie et d’histoire des mondes musulmans médiévaux. Cet ouvrage est néanmoins une contribution supplémentaire à l’important chantier de renouvellement des études portant sur les sociétés ibāḍites maghrébines et orientales prémodernes. Désormais mieux connue grâce aux travaux pionniers de J. Wilkinson, de P. Crone et, plus récemment, de C. Aillet et d’A. Gaiser, cette école juridique, parfois considérée comme la troisième branche de l’islam,...
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Kharijism sums up all the evils that are attributed to the revolt as a form of breakdown of the legitimate order and of the unity in medieval Islam. The figure of “Kharijite” is associated with a scandalous reputation of sectarian isolationism, violence and fanaticism. This semantic prevails because it stems from the fact that this figure of dissent was transformed into a literary subject matter in the Abassid period. The Kharajite is an ambiguous figure who was alternately a desperado, a highwayman, a fanatic murderer, an individual wreaking havoc, but also an exemplary ascetic, a righter of wrongs, a victim of a power whose abuses and even the tyrannical nature were acknowledged. Kharijism appears as a political threat and outlines the legitimate order, but it also highlights the excesses of domination and the gap that separates men from the blessed time of the origins.,Le kharijisme résume tous les maux que l’on attribue à la révolte comme forme de rupture de l’ordre légitime et de l’unité en Islam médiéval. Au « kharijite » est associée une sulfureuse réputation de repli sectaire, de violence et de fanatisme. La raison d’un tel succès sémantique tient à la transformation de cette figure de la dissidence en matière littéraire dès l’époque abbasside. Figure ambiguë que celle du « kharijite », tour à tour desperado, bandit de grand chemin, assassin fanatisé, semeur de chaos, mais aussi ascète exemplaire, redresseur de torts, victime d’un pouvoir dont on reconnaît, au fond, les abus, voire la nature tyrannique. Épouvantail politique, le kharijisme dessine les contours de l’ordre légitime, mais il souligne aussi les dérives de la domination, et l’écart qui sépare les hommes du temps béni des origines.
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At first sight, North African Ibāḍism emerged during the Berber uprisings against Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid rule and stayed at the margins of the empire. The imamate of Tāhart even stood, in the posthumous memory of the school, as an ideal counter-model of the caliphate. In fact, during the 8th and 9th centuries western Ibāḍism remained under the influence of its eastern strongholds, in particular Baṣra where the sectarian elite was well integrated into ʿAbbāsid culture. Intense scholarly exchange linked west and east thanks to intermediary meeting points like Mecca and Fusṭāṭ. The Ibāḍī political opposition of ‘Berber’ and ‘Arab’ ethnicity certainly worked against the imperial discourse, but the Persian shuʿūbiyya shaped it. The Rustamid imamate came to be the symbol of a Persian state in a Berber milieu and its capital and state apparatus underwent a gradual orientalization. Trade also played a key role in connecting the Ibāḍī network with the empire. Baṣra was a notorious emporium and Ibāḍī merchants circulated widely between the ʿAbbāsid realm and its western fringes. The Maghribīs owned stores in Fusṭāṭ and traveled as far as Baghdad and Sāmarrāʾ. Trans-Saharan trade, including slaves and gold, also presumably saw its first development thanks to imperial demand.
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Topic
- Archéologie -- Mzab (1)
- Archéologie -- Sedrata (1)
- Kharijisme (1)
- Recension (3)
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- Book Section (3)
- Journal Article (3)